U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

» A3" M S ' BUREAU 0F NATURALIZATION 

-s RICHARD K. CAMPBELL. Commiaioner 



WORK of the PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

WITH THE 

DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING 



FOURTH YEAR ANNUAL REPORT 

OF 

RAYMOND F. CRIST 
i 

DIRECTOR OF CITIZENSHIP 
DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1920 



37 •* a. 

JUH 23 J928 



LC21 
■If*' 



3l 



^ 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS WITH THE DIVISION OF 
CITIZENSHIP TRAINING— FOURTH YEAR. 



AMERICANIZATION ACTIVITIES. 

Sir: During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, the increase in 
intensive interest in the Americanization work carried on by the 
Government through this bureau since 1914 has been accentuated 
in carrying into effect the provisions of the act of Congress of May 
9, 1918. This act is the only legislation that authorizes any ad- 
ministrative branch of the Government to do Americanization work. 

Americanization, as now administered by the Government, is the 
establishment of a closer relationship between the alien population 
of the United States and the Government through the public schools 
of the country. The broadest contact which the Government has 
with this element of American society is through the million or more 
foreigners who annually take steps directly or indirectly to secure 
American citizenship. Whatever influences ma} T be thrown around 
the foreigner by the public directty and indirectly through the Gov- 
ernment, there is nothing upon which an estimate can be made of 
his awakening Americanism until the foreigner himself gives ex- 
pression to his innermost feelings. The only gauge by which he can 
be measured is to be found in the naturalization law if it is found at 
all. This is in the " declaration of intention " which the law permits 
an alien of 18 years or upward to make at as early a moment after 
he arrives in the United States as he desires. With some the declara- 
tion is made within 30 days. They may be said to represent the 
element of incoming immigrants who have a definite purpose in 
mind; that purpose is to cast their lot with the American Nation 
as individuals and to identify themselves with its political welfare. 
They have defined ideas as to seeking citizenship in this country. 
Whatever the actuating motive may be, they early find expression of 
their desires and intentions through the declaration of intention. 
Others live here for years, even decades, without forming a definite 
purpose in their minds to become Americans. They may have feel- 
ings of friendliness and interest in ever so many of the elements of 
American institutions, social and economic; they may even have an 
interest in the political organization, but insufficient enthusiasm 
aroused in them to pronounce themselves upon this most important 
of all questions so far as this country is concerned. There may be 
ties in the homeland of a tangible or an intangible nature. Whatever 
the influences may be with these, they have been too strong to prevent 
their arriving at the point of decision. 

Until five years ago no sense of responsibility, no duty or obliga- 
tion was felt by the American people toward the foreigner, save by 



4 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

a very few. The general feeling was that the immigrant having been 
permitted to come upon American soil, this privilege transcended all 
others that any other nation has extended or could extend to him. 
He was, therefore, allowed to drift, and any advancement which he 
achieved was viewed with feelings ranging all the way from 
jealous}^ to patronizing indulgence, with but little deep sympathy. 
The forces of society were not overly sympathetic with the foreigner, 
his ambitions, his hopes, his difficulties, or his trials and embarrass- 
ments. He was a stranger in a strange land, among other strangers, 
all of whom spoke languages different from one another and yet all 
were speaking a language different from that of the people with 
whom they had cast their lot and toward whom they were irresisti- 
bly drawn by all the natural ties of fellowship. 

As late as the year 1914 there was no concerted action nor thought 
of concerted action on the part of the American public either to pro- 
tect and elevate the standard of citizenry or to shoulder its responsi- 
bility to its foreign membership. This membership is as integral a 
part of the American Nation as the Constitution and laws made in 
harmony therewith. 

Statisticians report that two-thirds of those who comprise the 
American Nation are of foreign birth or with foreign parentage in 
one or both parents. This leaves but one-third of the Nation to lay 
claim to native birth with full American parentage. This clearly 
demonstrates the vital relationship of the foreign blood to the 
national entity. 

During the past five years a transformation has come over the pub- 
lic mind. In 1914 the public-school authorities were appealed to for 
the organization of the public-school system to undertake its share 
of this responsibility. Without exception officers of the public 
schools throughout the United States admitted the responsibility 
upon its presentation and committed the public schools to the 
national undertaking of spreading the doctrine of Americanism in 
concert with the desires of the Federal Government through this 
bureau. 

There are approximately 2,400 cities in the United States of 2,500 
population or over. Many of these are located in the southern part 
of the United States and contain no appreciable alien population. 
Practically evei^y community of 2,500 population or over has, how- 
ever, taken the initial step toward reorganization of its school system 
to take up this national and local responsibility. 

There are only a small number of communities of 2,500 population 
or over where this necessity does not seem to exist, so far as foreign 
population is concerned. In all of the other places the school systems 
are pledged to this work and are in the various stages of perfecting 
their organization. In addition to this there are many communities 
with a lesser population than 2,500, which have undertaken this work. 

The school year in 1915 opened with 38 communities pledging their 
school systems, comprising hundreds of classes, to the spreading of 
the doctrine of Americanism; and the school year of 1919 closed 
with 2,240 communities, representing many thousands of classes. 






u 



L_ 



161660 — 20 (To face page 5.) 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 5 

Table A. — Statement showing net increases, by months, in the number of cities, 
towns, and rural communities cooperating, directly or indirectly, tvith the 
bureau in its educational tcork. 



Date. 



Places cooperating. 



Directly. Indirectly. Total 



Net 
increase. 



Julv 1,1918... 
Jul v 31, 1918.. 
Aug. 31, 1918.. 
Sept. 30, 1918. 
Oct. 31, 1918.. 
Nov. 30, 1918. 
Dec. 31, 1918.. 
Jan. 31, 1919.. 
Feb. 28, 1919.. 
Mar. 31, 1919.. 
Apr. 30, 1919.. 
May 31,1919.. 
June 30, 1919.. 



931 
B53 
968 
996 

007 
126 

201 
242 
299 



903 
903 
903 
903 
905 
905 
905 
905 
907 
909 
930 
935 
941 



1,802 
1,802 
1,802 
1,809 
1,836 
1,858 
1,873 
1,901 
1,964 
2,035 
2,131 
2,177 
2, 240 



Total increase. 



438 



The term "Americanization" has been used and misused. The 
Americanism of a native American may be at a low ebb, but he 
can not be Americanized. He may be inspired to higher ideals, but 
to view him as a candidate for Americanization means to make 
"Americanization" meaningless. It remains, therefore, for the 
term to be applied to people not American. 

The view that prevailed of the function and province of the 
Bureau of Naturalization at the time of Federal supervision has 
been enlarged both by law and experience. With the passage of 
the act of 1906 Federal supervision was exercised only at the point 
where the applicant was to be admitted to citizenship. The Federal 
Government laid no particular stress upon the attitude of the for- 
eigner or his acts surrounding the declaration of his intention to 
become a citizen, either before the act or for two or more years 
afterwards. The declaration of intention was looked upon by some 
as a purely formal act, necessitated by statute, and of no value. 
With the joining of the public schools and the Federal Government 
a declaration of intention took a most prominent relationship to 
the administration of the naturalization law. In the preparation of 
the alien by the public schools for his citizenship responsibilities 
it has become the keystone of the arch. It had previously been used 
by him as a basis for the acquisition of Government land, both 
State and Federal, for his identification in the securing of employ- 
ment, and in other ways than merely as a basis for a petition for 
naturalization. Under the law, on his declaration of intention, 
he could secure a passport which would protect him in every coun- 
try of the globe save that of his own allegiance. He was recognized 
as an American citizen for the purpose of serving on board any 
vessel of the United States merchant marine, and every seaman 
declarant was entitled to full protection as an American citizen. 

The act of May 9, 1918, recognized the duty of the Bureau of 
Naturalization to send the names of the candidates for citizenship 



r 



DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING-BUREAU OF NATURALIZATION-U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 



uitfs in which 2240 Communities are cooper-atinA , ,,, &/t ... 
Public 'Schools with the Division of CitizensAin 7?aimn4 -- W Me > r 




Of 

Citizenship 
Candidates 



3 by the U. S. Geological Surve£— 



b WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

to the public schools. It authorized the distribution of free text- 
books to the candidates who attended these public schools. This 
act, of course, at once broadened the contact of the Federal Govern- 
ment with its foreign-born population, directly by the increasing 
numbers of candidates for citizenship who enrolled and attended the 
classes organized at the instance of this branch of the Government 
and indirectly through the attendance of non-candidate foreigners 
and adult American citizens upon these classes. 

Previously the declaration of intention was considered to be initi- 
ated in the office of the clerk of the court who was furnished with all 
of the preliminary and final forms for this purpose. At once, with 
the organization of the public schools to educate and train the can- 
didate for citizenship, the appeal to the noncandidate in the classes 
caused a broadening of the administrative policy of the Govern- 
ment. The naturalization forms that theretofore had been given 
only to the clerks of courts were now supplied to the public schools 
of the United States. The preliminary work of every sort leading 
to the filing of the declaration of intention and to the petitioning for 
naturalization took place in the class rooms. 

During the past two years, with the continued increase in the 
public mind of the desire to aid the foreigner and to promote the 
interests of the Nation industrially, economically, politically, and 
socially, the contact with the foreign population has expanded be- 
yond the schools and into industry. There is probably no industry 
to be found in which foreigners are employed that has not appealed 
to the Department of Labor through this bureau to aid it in a more 
enlightened contact with its foreign employees. Entire communities 
have joined in requesting advice and direction from this bureau in 
their organization to deal as a municipality through all their indus- 
trial concerns, their economic and political activities, with the ever 
increasingly important foreign question. 

The field of the bureau has therefore extended beyond the narrow 
original confines where it concerned itself with the alien only after 
he had declared his intention to become a citizen of the United 
States. It now reaches to the other side of that point of contact, and, 
broadly speaking, is in contact with the alien at every point of his 
life and activities in this country and, as it should be, aids him in 
manifesting his desire to become naturalized. The limitation upon 
the activities or manifestations of activity of government in the 
republican form are to be measured only by public mind. There 
can be no artificial or preconceived boundary lines between au- 
thorized government and its people. Those boundaries will be what 
the people determine them to be. 

In the activities of this bureau carried on now through the Divi- 
sion of Citizenship Training the present limitations are as set forth 
herein. This but states a mere existent fact. The public has com- 
manded the Government to function upon the broader basic contact 
with the foreign population than the original conception ; and it is 
so functioning. Whether it will further and completely expand 
itself through the Division of Citizenship Training into this broader 
field of activity remains to be seen. If the public demand is for this 
broader activity, the expansion will result. If, on the other hand, 
a newer and more practical avenue of contact should be created, the 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 7 

function of this bureau through the Division of Citizenship Training 
will of necessity be limited to this field of activity. A forced rela- 
tionship with the public can not be maintained so long as the practi- 
cal purposes of government are to be subserved. 

The presence of these foreign-born residents in our Nation is a 
constant source of stimulus to the Americanism of our citizens. 
While there is a strong sentiment prevailing in the minds of some 
that the foreign population is responsible for the larger part, if not 
all, of the unpatriotic and disloyal sentiments that have been ex- 
pressed and crystallized into action, that belief is not borne out by 
the fact, so far as that body is concerned. Certainly it is a fact that 
the names upon the roll of honor of the Nation that were cabled back 
by the American Expeditionary Forces in France give emphatic 
testimony to the loyalty of the foreign born. The names on the 
rolls represent all European nationalities. So strongly in evidence 
were these names that they might well have been the rosters of the 
dead and wounded of any or all the European countries. The per- 
centage of distinctly non- Anglo-Saxon names was exceedingly high. 
These lists still give mute testimony to the fact that the immigrant 
and the immigrant's son have laid down their lives for the land of 
their adoption. When the final records are computed they will Un- 
doubtedly show the presence in the military forces of our Nation of 
the full quota of those of foreign birth. Their presence in our military 
and naval forces has worked a transformation with them. It has 
created an after-war debt and obligation upon the United States. The 
alien-born soldier has returned to America an educated and trans- 
formed individual. He is an American in all the senses. The regi- 
men of the military has taken him bodily, mentally, and spiritually 
out of the foreign environment. He has been compelled, whether or 
not it is his will, upon returning to his parents and former associates, 
to reenter the environment, language, and customs, though not the 
country, of his origin. It is a responsibility upon this Nation to see 
to it that he is given what is now his right and heritage — his right by 
virtue of his contest of arms for the continuance of the life of the 
institutions of the Nation which he has adopted and which, during 
the time of political stress, adopted and made use of him. 

The duty and obligation upon the Nation are to provide the facili- 
ties for the transformation of the parents of the more than one- 
fourth of a million American soldiers of foreign birth and language. 
The means to be provided are to be found only in the operation of 
the naturalization law. The portion of the naturalization law which 
the alien-born American soldier's parents, the immigrants, are to 
invoke, is first, that part which will enable them to become citizens 
of the United States. The mere formal filing of naturalization papers 
can no longer be considered as sufficient. That is but the initial step 
toward a higher standard of life for them. 

The large field of activity of the naturalization law is now to be 
found in the public schools owing to the concerted action of the local 
forces of the communities throughout the United States and the 
Federal Government as it has functioned through the Department 
of Labor and is now functioning through the Division of Citizenship 
Training of this bureau. That is now by far the most active func- 
tioning branch created by the naturalization law, for the reason that 



8 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

it makes possible an observance of the more vital provisions of the 
naturalization law by the courts; it makes it possible for the courts 
to defer citizenship to the alien who is not qualified for the respon- 
sibilities which he would assume and direct' him to the local public 
school. This has only been possible within the past few years, and 
is not yet wholly effective throughout the United States. In prob- 
ably 2,000 communities only do the courts feel that the educational 
facilities are so effective as to justify the refusal of citizenship to an 
unqualified alien with the accompaniment of a direction to him to 
attend the public schools of his community and later return for a fa- 
vorable hearing upon his petition. 

The responsibility is upon the Nation to see to it that its facilities 
are vitalized in every community of the land, for in every community 
of the land are to be found representatives of the alien population 
who have worn the uniform of the Stars and Stripes. The facilities 
are in existence — they are the public schools in every community. 
They should be organized to provide for the instruction of the adult. 
This is a necessity, a national necessity now, if this Nation is to dis- 
charge its responsibility. 

There are those who feel that citizenship should be withheld from 
every alien until after a residence of 10 years. This is but partially 
considering the problem, and is wholly unfair to the one expressing 
such a view, to the Nation, and to the individual. The duties of this 
Nation are not alone to be found in the field of international en- 
deavor for the removal forever of the possibilities of war ; they are 
to be found with equal weight within the national confines. The 
adult foreigner now has a just obligation due him from this Nation, 
because of his services and the services of his fellows during the 
World War. If there is to be definite and intelligent understanding 
of international affairs it must begin with an intelligent understand- 
ing of national questions. National questions can not be compre- 
hended if there be a failure to comprehend the affairs of the State. 
If the affairs of the State are to be intelligently understood and 
dealt with, such a relationship must commence with a comprehen- 
sive dealing with the affairs of the community. If the affairs of the 
community are to be actually cared for, this can only be made pos- 
sible by dealing with those affairs through the medium of one tongue. 
In the metropolitan centers of this land it is well known that a 
hundred dialects and languages are to be found in almost any one of 
them. In this linguistic array only a negligible portion have any 
comprehensive understanding or extensive use of the English lan- 
guage. There is but one medium by which this condition may be 
overcome. That is through the medium of contact. There is and can 
be only one branch of the Federal Government through which this 
contact may be built up ; that medium is the Division of Citizenship 
Training. To raise up by statute any other structure will mean to 
construct an artificial fabric which must come to this Federal unit 
to function. 

The administration of naturalization law as it is now to be found 
upon the statute books has largely been given over to the public schools 
of the land. The legislative expression but recognizes a condition. 
Legislation did not create and establish this order — the public 
ordained and established it, and the laws of Congress have recognized 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 9 

it. This is as it should be ; for after this supervision had been urged 
and tentatively tried out by the public schools and the National Gov- 
ernment in administering the naturalization laws, Congress specif- 
ically authorized the Government to further promote this work. This 
relationship is not the result of a concerted effort to bring about pub- 
lic action, but was originally, and still is, the natural expression of 
the public desire. 

Those who feel that a greater period of residence should intervene 
before citizenship may be obtainable hold these conclusions from a 
desire to protect our citizenry from accessions of those unqualified for 
those responsibilities. The public schools of the land offer the pos- 
sibilities for accomplishing these results, and when fully organized, 
far better than can ever be expected from the mere lapse of time. 

Thousands of the least qualified of those admitted to citizenship in 
the last decade represent those who have lived in our land for the 
greatest length of time, most of them long enough to rear a family. 
The greatest appeal to the sympathy of the courts has arisen from 
the fact that the applicant when he was admitted had children 
grown, and probably grandchildren, all of whom were born in this 
country or who themselves had become naturalized citizens. Their 
desire for their father to be an American citizen was the influencing 
feature which brought him from his retreat of ignorance, and em- 
boldened him to make the request for the privilege, though at the 
time it was conferred he was wholly in ignorance of its meaning. 
Thus lapse of time has worked no change, nor can it ever be expected 
to do so. 

In over 3,200 cities, towns, and small communities the Federal Gov- 
ernment is in contact with the school organizations through this 
division. In over 2,200 affirmative pledges have been received, with 
prospective assurances for the coming year from substantially all of 
the others, if adequate facilities can be provided this branch of the 
Government to convey sufficient detailed information through its 
personnel to these communities. This should be given and can be 
given at no cost to the citizenry of this country. There is seemingly 
no need for more than the personal contact which has been given by 
the naturalization examiners incident to their other naturalization 
work, for a community to organize itself and lend the personal and 
financial support to the local school organization, necessary to the 
organization of citizenship classes for these adult seekers after mem- 
bership in the body politic. The financial resources have uniformly 
been forthcoming in the community. States have recently passed 
laws by which these schools have been made possible, both financially 
and legally. In some States it has been and still is against the law 
to devote State funds to the education of adults. The educational 
institutions of the States are also in some cases open by law only to 
the minor. This is probably the condition in most States. In those 
States, however, without the distinct provision of law authorizing the 
organization and conduct of these classes, the public school systems 
have been organized during the past four or five years under the 
influence alone of this national support. Ordinarity their main- 
tenance is provided from local sources. Notwithstanding this ab- 
sence of financial provision for their support, the record shows that 
great potentiality has come from the moral support which the Gov- 



10 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

ernment has given, and has resulted in the virtually complete reor- 
ganization of the public schools of the United States within the past 
five years. No moneyed aid is given these classes by the Federal 
Government. Its support, while not in dollars and cents, has been of 
a concrete, practical, and substantial character ; and great accomplish- 
ments have been thereby achieved. 

The public-school system of the Nation is carrying forward a 
united effort for the removal of the barrier of speech between the 
foreigner and his acquisition of American citizenship. This high 
development is directly traceable to the presence in the community 
of the alien. The public schools have therefore set up the means for 
accomplishing exactly what is desired by those who would defer the 
naturalization of the alien. The public schools should be encouraged 
to increase their efficiency in this work. This means not only that 
their curricula should contain information and the means for acquir- 
ing a knowledge of our language — it means that something outside 
of the mere facilities for the acquisition of facts and the organiza- 
tion of the mind must be provided. They must be equipped with 
other facilities for imparting not only knowledge but an interest on 
the part of the most ignorant and illiterate foreigners in their 
isolated groups throughout our land, if these individuals are to be 
enabled to accomplish their development and be transformed into 
assets and units of safety and reliance. Otherwise they will remain 
the objectives of those who would inflame and warp minds that from 
sheer ignorance will listen to and adopt thoughts imparted to them 
through any irregular medium and from whatever sources — danger- 
ous to the Nation though they may be — and which are open to him on 
every hand. 

The organization of the public schools means to give to the body 
politic healthy minded, intelligent, and desirable additions to its 
citizenry through the naturalization laws. In the past they have been 
inducted into citizenship regardless of the national well-being and 
regardless of the intelligence or desirability of the candidate. This 
has been true of at least 75 per cent of the approximately 2,000,000 
who have acquired citizenship during the past 10 or 12 years. The 
record of the next decade should be at least the reverse of this — that 
not more than 25 per cent should have citizenship thrust upon them 
in ignorance of what it means, if it be not possible to purify the 
admissions by 100 per cent. One hundred per cent purity in the 
admissions to citizenship is undoubtedly what is desired by those who 
would restrict the admission by a greater period of residence. Time 
is not the thing to accomplish this. Through the organization of 
some of the economic forces of the Nation can this alone be done. 
These forces are now in process of organization. 

CEREMONIES. 

Because of the presence of the foreigner greater evidences of patri- 
otism have been felt and manifested by the citizens of our country. 
Observances of national holidays have taken on a real and patriotic 
character. Owing to the participation of the alien born jointly with 
the native-born citizens Flag Day, Independence Day, and Washing- 
ton's and Lincoln's Birthdays are no longer simply recreational holi- 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 11 

days. Patriotic ceremonies of the highest order are again characteriz- 
ing these occasions. The flag has had more manifestations of def- 
erence and honor during the past four or five years than ever before 
and wholly and entirely because of the presence of the foreign born. 
Never before the naturalization of the foreigner came under Federal 
supervision and the regard for the law was insisted upon by the 
Federal Government was it the order in the judicial procedure 
throughout the United States to do homage to the Stars and Stripes. 
This now is the rule in the halls of the judiciary. The orderly admis- 
sion of the foreigner to citizenship which has been brought about by 
Federal supervision has caused this new evidence of regard. On Flag 
Day there are now thousands of gatherings of the foreign born for 
the sole purpose of giving patriotic recognition and swearing devo- 
tion to our national colors. Native and foreign born alike are re- 
sponsible for these, but the initiative is due to the presence of the 
foreigner. The public schools are largely responsible for this in- 
creased evidence of patriotic zeal. The exercises that have grown out 
of attending public-school classes by the foreigner — the presentation 
of certificates of graduation and of citizenship — have aroused teachers 
and other members of the community to the sacredness of their 
native-born estate, simply because one born in lands across the seas 
has been discovered striving for this estate. 

STUDENTS' ESSAYS. 

Expressions of highest ideals have come from thousands of men 
and women seekers after American citizenship, and have come for 
the first time from them upon their acquisition of even a slight 
knowledge of our language. Indeed it seems to be one of the first 
desires of the student of our language and institutions to give voice 
to sentiments which show his gratitude for the enjoyment of this 
newly acquired ability. The following examples of this are included 
in their entirety : 

WHY I BECAME AN AMERICAN. 

The first American citizens considered freedom their greatest glory and their 
greatest happiness, and by their loyal patriotism America now stands for union, 
justice, domestic tranquility, and the blessings of liberty to all its inhabitants. 
The United States has an invaluable Constitution. Under this highest and most 
permanent law the citizens govern the country. Each American is a sovereign 
instead of being a subject, and however poor or humble, they can not be dis- 
franchised or be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of 
law. 

Americans have the right to a trial by jury, in public and by counsel ; they have 
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and can not be inflicted with excessive 
bail and fines, nor cruel or unusual punishment nor be put twice in jeopardy for 
the same offense. The freedom of worship is guaranteed to all. Thus Catholic, 
Protestant, Jew. and Agnostic stand on equal footing. Every citizen may freely 
speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects. They may peacpabiy 
assemble and petition the Government or any department thereof, /ind each 
is guaranteed civil and political rights and can vote and bjg* a voice in the 
Government. A citizen is bound to be loyal to the TT-"«« States, whether it 
hurts him or whether it benefits him, and he i* — lfl a Protege and a protector 
of the glorious Red, White, and Blue. „„ , »...-, 

The cities, towns, and hamlets -* America are large, beautiful, and healthy. 
The azure, salubrious lak<-, and the flowery and fragrant parks are alluring. 
The institutions of learning are high and liberal to the people. The public 



12 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

activities charitable to all. The industries and commerce are immense, and the 
inhabitants are prosperous, enlightened, cleanly, and congenial. America is 
free from the taint of emperors, kings, and princes. It is only a great democ- 
racy, exempt of utter poverty and dire oppression, offering opportunities and 
advantages unequaled elsewhere to its industrious and loyal citizens. It indeed 
is the land of the free and the home of the brave — a fit and safe place to live in 
and dedicate one's self to — and every American is bound to give it the sense of 
his support and the living vitality of his heart of the great ideals which have 
made America the hope of the world. 

These are the enviable and cogent reasons that prompted me to become an 
American. 

WHY I WISH TO BECOME AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. 

Reasons for my desire to become an American citizen are very numerous. 

Having lived in the country for some time, and having enjoyed its benefits 
and privileges, I feel it my duty to become its citizen and help also in the 
bearing of its burdens and trials. Its ideals and forms of government appeal 
to me. 

Its system of education is the greatest in the world, especially for the workers, 
and is free not only to its citizens but for all who are wise enough to take 
advantage of it. We enjoy freedom of religion, speech, and thought, and have 
a better chance for advancement than we could find anywhere in the world. 
We carry ourselves with the free and easy swing, as expressed in other coun- 
tries, and in coming to these shores we have found a haven of refuge and pro- 
tection for all. The unselfish spirit with which America entered the World 
War and its work of relief and mercy have taught me to love and respect her. 
The way in which the war was prosecuted has put into me the American 
spirit — do it or bust. 

I have always been able to earn a respectable living, am married to an 
American-born woman, who is the mother of my American-born son. 

Should not I, as the head of this American family, become a citizen of the 
United States of America? 

These two were the prize winners in an Americanization essay 1 
contest conducted by the public schools in conjunction with the 
chamber of commerce of Rochester, N. Y. These two persons at- 
tended the citizenship classes in the public schools of that city, and 
were admitted to citizenship during the past year. These contribu- 
tions are but meager evidences of what has been produced in the 
thousands of classes that are now nourishing throughout the country, 
and in the atmosphere of patriotism in which thousands are being 
transformed into loyal Americans, even before they become entitled 
to citizenship through the operation of the law. It is this accom- 
plishment which is desired by those who would extend the time of 
probation. The essence of their belief is, however, to be found in 
candidates for citizenship ,/ho are qualified at the time of admission. 

FEDERAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT UNNECESSARY. 

It is only by supporting this work that has been so successfully 
inaugurated and carried on, at no national expense, but through the 
expenditure of millions of dollars annually by the various com- 
munities throughout the Nation, that their desires may be made pos- 
sible. Tl^ Federal cost of administration is borne by the seekers 
after citizenship, ^] other costs are maintained by the communities 
in which the schools ait* ^<r a nized. This seems to' be the proper dis- 
tribution of this financial bura^^^ogg w ^ are to derive the bene- 









ildren of both petition* 
ts repeatedly made sh< 

)rn minor children, an 

ing in such Citizenshi 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 13 

fits should bear the expense. The individual is to derive the benefits 
of his American citizenship. The revenues derived from the naturali- 
zation fees have more than borne the cost of administration of the 
law by which he may accomplish this. The community is the imme- 
diate beneficiary of the acquisition of an intelligent citizen. It 
should, and does, therefore, bear the cost of his instruction. While it 
is true, a new citizen is acquired by the Nation upon the admission 
of the foreign born under the naturalization laws, he functions daily 
as a citizen of the community and State, though as a rule but rarely 
as a citizen of the Nation. The contribution by the National Govern- 
ment to this great work should be in an administrative efficiency of 
the highest order. This can be possible only through adequate finan- 
cial support. If this adequate financial support should at any time 
exceed the revenues which the Government derives from its alien 
population seeking American citizenship, that aid should be given 
ungrudgingly. 

FIELD OF CONTACT. 

What is the field of contact which is to be found at hand for the 
development of the Americanism of the nation, directly through and 
to the foreign population? What is also the contact for this pur- 
pose as a direct result of this Federal contact? The foreign popu- 
lation of the United States has been estimated to be from 16.000,000 
to 17,000,000, born in other lands. This department, at the instance 
of the director of citizenship, has requested the Secretary of Com- 
merce to enlarge the scope of the forthcoming census, so as to give 
with exactness the citizenship of the population of the country. At 
the time these returns are forthcoming it will be possible to speak 
with definiteness as to the part of the foreign population with which 
the Federal Government is in contact. Until that time the available 
figures are upon a basis of estimate, and in some instances probably 
will be disclosed to be not exceedingly exact. The last census showed 
a foreign population of 13,515.886. Since that time the net immi- 
gration figures show 2,930,411 added to the population. These totals 
have been reached after a deduction of the outgoing foreign immi- 
grants from the total incoming immigrants annually. This would 
seem to indicate a total foreign population of 16,446,297. In the 
following table are the figures showing the incoming immigrants and 
applicants for naturalization, as well as the net immigration an- 
nually since 1907. From this it will be seen that in no year has the 
highest net incoming immigration equaled the high level of appli- 
cants for citizenship. The figures given, so far as naturalization is 
concerned, represent the number of declarations alone in all save 
the last two years. This is because an alien declarant may become 
a petitioner two years after the date of his declaration. It has not 
been possible to segregate candidates by years and thus show when 
a declarant became a petitioner. In the last two years, however, 
petitions are also shown. In this there is no duplication, since no 
declaration of intention is acted upon until after it is two years old. 
Those who are petitioners, therefore, in these two years are different 
aliens from those who are during the same time counted as declarants. 



DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING-BUREAU OF NATURALIZATION-U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

Field of Federal Promotion of Public Schools in Citizenship Education through the Division of Citizenship Training, Showing the Number of Foreign Born Applying for Citizenship through the Bureau of 
Naturalization Compared with Net Immigration; and the Number of Communities in which such Educational Promotion is Under Way. 

Years indicated are fiscal years ended June 30. 




(») Net immigration. 

Net immigration represents the additions to the foreign-born population after deducting the outgoing and nonimmigrant incomir 

(b) Petitioners, wives, and foreign-born minor children— 1907-1917. 

(c) Petitioners. 

(d) Declarants. 

(*) Wives and foreign-born minor children of both petitioners and declarants. 

Years of experience and counts repeatedly made show that the petitioner's naturalization confers citizenship upon 1.125 additional 
( () Petitioners, wives, and foreign-born minor children, and declarants, wives, and foreign-born minor children— 1918-1919. 
(l) Number of communities cooperating in such Citizenship Education of the foreign born. 



I 20,790 
g aliens from the 



14 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table B. — Foreign torn applying for citizenship through the Bureau of Natu- 
ralisation. 



Tears. 


Net 
immigra- 
tion. 


Total 
incoming 
immigra- 
tion. 


Declara- 
tions filed. 


Petitions 
filed. 


Total 
candidates. 


Total 

applying for 

citizenship, 

including 

derivative 

citizens. 


1907 


1, 007, 163 
209,867 
543,843 
817,619 
512,085 
401,863 
815,303 
769, 276 
50, 070 
125,941 
216,498 
18, 585 
20, 790 


1,285,349 
782,870 
751,786 

1,041,570 
878,587 
838, 172 

1,197,392 

1,218,480 
326,700 
298,826 
295,403 
110,618 
237, 021 


173,723 
137,229 
145, 794 
167,226 
186, 157 
169, 142 
181,632 
214, 016 
245,815 
207,935 
438,748 
335, 069 
346,827 








1908 








1909 








1910 








1911 








1912 :. 








1913 








1914 








1915 








1916 








1917 








1918 


174,409 
234, 903 


509,478 
581, 730 


1,082,640 
1,236,176 


1919 











1 Nine months only. 

Field of annual contact of the Federal Government and the cooperating 
public schools with the immigrant population seeking citizenship, compared 
with annual immigration to this country. This contact can only be effected 
through the Division of Citizenship Training of the Bureau of Naturalization. 

Net immigration represents the additions to the foreign population after 
deducting the outgoing and nonimmigrant incoming aliens from the total 
incoming immigration. 

Years of experience and counts repeatedly made show that an average of 
1.125 citizens derive citizenship through the petitioner. 

From this it will be seen that during the past two years the Govern- 
ment has been in contact with a total of 2,318,816 alien seekers after 
American citizenship. All available records show that 75 per cent of 
these, or 1,739,112, are not understandingly qualified for American 
citizenship. The military records show a heavy percentage of those 
between the ages of 20 and 31 who were drafted as being unable to 
understand in any sense our language. These aliens between these 
ages represent the vigor of the alien population. All of these had 
lived in the country for sufficient time, if forces had been organized, 
to enable them to understand and communicate with others through 
the medium of our tongue. A reference to these and the high per- 
centage of illiteracy is only necessary to picture the depths of ignor- 
ance of our language and institutions or Government that prevails in 
all parts of the United States among the alien population. Possibly 
20 per cent of all aliens come into contact with the Government 
through this bureau annually. They represent, therefore, millions 
who can be brought under the beneficial influences of the public 
schools through the activities of the Division of Citizenship Training 
only. 

The development of the resources dealing with this portion of the 
alien population will mean the development of powers for the removal 
of the prime obstacle in the wa*y of the entire foreign population 
coming into American citizenship. The 2,318,816 who are candidates 
include the wives and children born abroad, who derive citizenship 
through the admission by the court of the petitioner for naturaliza- 
tion. Years of experience in repeated examinations of petitions 
have shown that with each candidate for citizenship appearing in 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



15 



court there are also inducted into citizenship 1.125 individuals. This 
figure (1.125) represents the average and includes the wife and the 
minor children born abroad, who derive citizenship by the act of the 
father and husband. There are, therefore, 2.125 accessions to the 
ranks of citizenship, or 2.125 applicants for citizenship represented by 
each applicant, be he declarant or petitioner. The statement above 
shown presents a total upon this basis of computation. 

From this it will be seen that the Nation now has a greater oppor- 
tunity to deal with the foreign problems through the public schools 
and this branch of the Government than ever before. Those who are 
knocking at the doors of citizenship are greater than the number that 
have asked for admission to the confines of the United States under 
the immigration laws at any time. The importance of immigration, 
therefore, as a problem, is dwarfed by the immensity of the question 
of the treatment of the resident alien population in its bearing on ad- 
mission to citizenship. 

During the past two years the Government has had an opportunity 
through the activities of the Division of Citizenship Training to ex- 
tend an invitation to an average of 1,159,408 foreigners to become in- 
telligent, loyal, law-abiding American citizens, after that number had 
knocked at the door and requested to be invited into the house of 
citizenship. The opportunity is, therefore, before the country for 
realizing the ideals which each American citizen of intelligence prides 
himself this country should develop. 

If the means are to be provided by which all of these millions may 
be prepared for American citizenship responsibilities, the strides in 
the elevation of all standards throughout the Nation which will be 
made can not be estimated. That a substantial and gigantic effort is 
being put forth to accomplish this objective will be found from an 
examination of the table showing the communities where the school 
authorities have pledged themselves to work with the Government 
for the accomplishment of this great purpose. 

Table G. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns. 

[Figures not available where blanks occur.] 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Alabama. 


132, 685 

10,864 

660 


5,700 
341 


2,944 
196 


1,179 

94 


802 


201 


739 


















Alaska. 


j 












Arizona. 


9,019 


3,474 2,023 


558 


90 


68 


28 


11 


Bine Bell Mine 




Clifton 


4,874 
6,437 
2,688 
7,083 


1,907 i 816 
2,250 : 919 


66 
186 


99 


9 


10 

16 






6 










Globe 


1,949 i-238 


372 


97 


34 


41 


17 











i Includes activities at East Lake, Ensley, Fairfield, Gate City, and Pratt City. 



16 



WOEK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table G. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



Foreign- 
born 
white. 



Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



Natural- 
ized. 



Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 



Decla- 
rations, 



Peti- 
tions. 



Names 
furnished. 



Declar- 
ants. 



Arizona— Continued. 

Miami 

Moren^i 

Nogales 

Ocotillo 

Phoenix 

Tucson 

Arkansas. 

Fort Smith 

Helena 

California. 

Alameda 

Alhambra 

Bakersfield 

Beni^ia 

Berkeley 

Albany 

Emeryville 

Burbank 

Colma 

Coroni 

Coronado 

Daly City 

Dorris 

Dunsmuir 

Eureka 1 

Fresno 

Gilroy 

Glen dale 

Hollister 

Lon? Beach 2 

Los Angeles 3 

Huntington Park. 

Monrovia 

Moss Beach 

Mountain View 

Oakland 

San Leandro 

Ontario 4 

Chino 

Cucamonga 

Upland 

Oroville 

Oxnard 

Pasadena s 

Pittsburg 

Play a del Rey 6 

Pomona 7 

Claremont 

Lords burg 

Redlands 

Redondo Beach 8 

Hermosa Beach . . . 

Redwood City 

Riverside 

Sacramento 

San Bernardino 

San Diego » 

National City 

San Francisco 

San Jose 10 

Milpltas 

Santa Clara 



3,514 



1,653 



472 



91 



23,975 



1,629 
3,068 

941 



780 
1,254 

504 



290 
384 



234 



5,555 

983 

1,734 



2,842 

585 

1,036 



1,720 
174 
308 



94 

148 



7,653 
'"'636 



3,627 
""374 



2,096 
""224 



134 
2 

68 

5 

231 



604 



3,600 
5, 445 



2,228 
2,487 



1,076 
1,006 



226 
263 



38 
128 



158 

195 



2, 

17, 

319, 

1, 



1,942 
60,584 



901 
29, 576 



470 
14, 097 



1,969 



1,082 



11 
109 

2,066 



1, 
150, 
3, 
4, 
1, 
2, 
2. 
3, 
2, 
30, 



36, 822 

1,108 

581 



19,334 
559 
283 



10,237 
279 
155 



938 



390 



532 

618 

4,297 



366 

334 

1,772 



178 

108 

1,101 



10 

145 



261 



10, 
1, 

10, 

2, 

% 

15. 
44; 
12. 
39! 
1, 
416! 

2s; 
i ; 

4; 



1,346 

463 



438 
"649' 



13 



372 
116 



2,166 
8,885 
2, 243 
7,366 



1,065 
5,331 
1,068 
3,845 



454 
2,424 

377 
2,057 



2 
180 
£0 
151 



45 

9 

114 

30 

100 



27 
181 

24 
231 



130,874 
5,817 



75, 768 
2,963 



36,375 
1,637 



4,547 
184 



5,324 
160 



1,135 

1 Includes activities at Elk River, Fairhaven, 
Freshwater, Ryans Slough, and Samoa. 

2 Includes activities at Alamitos, Seal Beach, and 
Wilmington. 

3 Includes activities at Hollywood. 

4 Includes activities at Alta Loina, Etiwanda, and 
Guasti. 

6 Includes activities at Lamanda. 



597 



287 



6 Includes activities at Manhattan and Wiseburn. 

7 Includes activities at San Dimas and Walnut. 

8 Includes activities at Manhattan Beach and 
Perry. 

9 Includes activities at Chula Vista and San Diego. 
i° Includes activities at Berryessa, Eden Vale, Hes- 
ter, and Sunol. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



17 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


California— Continued. 


4,384 


1,031 


538 


338 






17 
211 
31 
18 
58 
30 


6 








59 




5,934 
8,429 
11,659 
7,847 
2,143 


1,747 

884 

1,793 

1,248 


932 
408 
877 
576 


466 
246 
417 
263 


59 
37 
85 


25 
24 
24 


17 




5 




30 




18 










Santa Paula 












2 
31 


2 




7,817 


1,318 


667 


376 


118 
5 


40 


18 








4,649 
1,989 
23,253 


558 


264 


149 




10 
20 
159 

8 
29 

5 
20 


7 








12 


Stockton 


4,478 


2,679 


1,074 


89 


54 


83 


Vallejo 


5 












24 


16 


19 












3 


Westwood 










47 


12 


6 


Willits 












Colorado. 
Aspen 










15 


9 


9 


































Black Bear Mine 


















Bowie 














2 
5 
42 
2 
2 


1 


Broomfleld 


142 








89 

75 


33 
22 


3 


Brush 








32 












2 


Central City 2 


1,782 
668 
654 








3 






Black Hawk... 










Russel Gulch. . . 
















Cokedale 












10 
73 


9 


Colorado Springs 


29,078 


2,981 


1,434 


748 


84 
4 
10 


24 
3 

7 


34 


Craig 


















Delcarbon 










5 

46 
3 
1,282 
14 
50 
55 
13 


3 


Delegua 














20 


Delta 


2,388 
213,381 








12 
1,553 


4 
309 


1 


Denver 


38,941 


19,204 


10,959 


704 




6 


FortCnlJins . 


8,210 
266 


893 


373 


156 


50 


16 


46 




20 














6 




813 

7,754 

8,179 

600 

304 














Grand Junction 


724 
691 


405 
357 


196 
172 


41 
60 


5 
51 


27 

44 


10 


Greeley * 


31 






























15 


6 


2 


























62 
43 


30 
19 


31 
57 
76 
31 


18 


Leadville 6 


7,508 
1,706 
3,651 


2,232 


1,253 


880 


14 




23 




215 


88 


55 






23 























45 

4 

7 


15 












11 


7 


3 


Oak Creek .. 


222 


























44, 395 


8,331 


4,777 


1,773 


382 

7 


77 
9 


350 
3 

10 
19 
18 


168 


T?.or| cliff 


1 




3,230 


145 


68 


44 


8 




101 

38 


32 

6 


11 


Salida 


4,425 

£27 


499 


256 


159 


8 


Somerset 





i Includes activities at The Palms and Soldiers' 
Home. 
s Includes activities at Nevada and Tolland. 
8 Includes activities at Monarch. 

161660—20 2 



« Includes activities at La Salle and Lucerne. 

5 Includes activities at Ibex Mine. 

6 Includes activities at Monarch No. 2 and Sunny- 
side Mine. 



18 WOEK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

Table 0. — Foreipn-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Colorado— Continued. 
Sopris 














29 


18 


Sopris Plaza 
















Sterling i 


3,044 
532 
353 
799 
£00 


418 


185 


45 


46 


15 


33 


27 






Crook 
















lleff 
















Merino 
















Sugar City 








2 


1 






Superior 


349 

1,756 

10,204 








5 
11 
65 
20 

51 
4 
6 
5 

10 
2,188 


3 


Telluride* 








15 
470 
115 


9 
64 
33 


3 


Trinidad 


1,293 


654 


368 


23 


Walsenburg 


9 


Connecticut. 
Ansonia 


15, 152 
1,337 


5,711 


2,926 


1,131 


30 








3 


Beacon Falls 












4 


Berlin 


3,728 


1,166 


676 


187 






4 


Branford 3 






7 


Bridgeport 4 


102, 054 

1,642 

13,502 


36, 180 


17, 114 


6,563 


3,595 


859 


1,128 


Trumbull 




Bristol 


3,982 


1,985 


695 






82 


50 


Central Villages 








Chester 


1,419 
23,502 
3,792 












2 

34 


2 


Danbury. 


5,526 
502 


2,687 
248 


1,243 
161 






29 


Bethel 








Danielson 






2 
36 

28 


i 


Derby. 














28 


Elmwood 














22 


West Hartford 


4,808 
9,719 


1,319 
3,787 


560 
1,609 


254 
479 








Enfield 






i 












Fairfield 


6,134 

16,463 

98,915 

8,138 

3,148 

6,545 

13,641 

32,066 

20, 749 


1,653 
5,080 
31,243 
1,487 
655 
1,758 
5,006 
9,390 
6,398 


768 

2,301 

13,975 

686 

431 

788 

2,126 

4,346 

2,804 


261 

784 

6,294 

348 

145 

340 

1,073 

2,308 

1,025 






' 55 

28 

1,226 


39 


Greenwich 






14 


Hartford 


1,407 


467 


710 


East Hartford 




Wethersfield.. 










Huntington 






5 
21 
298 
49 


1 


Manchester 






14 


Meriden 


532 
100 


80 

48 


211 


Middletown 


35 
























New Britain 


43,916 

1,689 

133, 605 

19, 659 
6,495 
2,804 
3,097 

24, 211 

28, 219 
2,882 
7,280 
7,997 
1,126 
1,110 
1,999 


18,015 


8,843 


3,054 


758 


217 


234 

2 

1,290 

60 


154 


Newington 




New Haven 


42,784 

4,561 

908 

731 

571 

5,636 

8,405 

528 

1,780 

2,764 


19, 194 

1,993 

416 

306 

390 

2,472 

3,558 

264 

801 

1,238 


8,628 

701 

151 

94 

88 

978 

1,456 
119 
284 
686 


1,628 


546 


723 


New London 6 .. 


35 


Groton 


















Waterford 










Norwalk 






57 
91 


39 


Norwich 7 . 


180 


175 


65 


Plainville 8 .. 




Putnam 


157 
47 


103 
50 


92 

51 


63 


Rockville 9 . 


33 


Tolland.. 






291 1 124 


68 






























3 
10 


2 














5 



1 Includes activities at Graylin Padroni and Wil- 
lard. 

5 Includes activities at Liberty Bell Mine, Smug- 
gler, Smuggler Mill, Smuggler Mine, and Tomboy 
Mine. 

3 Includes activities at Madison. 

4 Includes activities at Long Hill, Nichols, and 
Stratsfield. 



s Includes activities at East Bristol, Forrestville, 
and Terryville. 

6 Includes activities at Mystic. 

1 1ncludes activities at Norwichton, Taftsville, 
and Yantic. 

s Includes activities at Framington. 

9 Includes activities at Talcottville and Vernon 
Center. 

/ 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TKAINING. 



19 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting aqe, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Connecticut— Continued. 
Southington 


6,516 
1,988 


1,724 


855 


239 






42 


25 


Cheshire 








South Manchester 












90 

83 


64 


South NorwaLk 1 


8,968 
1,706 












60 


Wilton 


























1 

2 

501 


1 


Stafford Springs 


3, 059 
28,836 
3,946 
5,712 
3,841 
3,533 
4,804 


1,111 
8,872 

947 
1,199 

874 
1,044 
1,871 


491 
3,979 
506 
545 
467 
557 
789 


161 
1,486 
213 
287 
107 
268 
140 






1 


Stamford 






352 


Darien 








Stratford 






101 

20 


76 


Suffleld 






17 


Thomaston 








Thompson 






28 
55 

103 
45 

624 


20 


Thompsonville 






36 




16,840 

11,155 

73, 141 

836 

539 

563 

3,850 

4,259 


6,064 
3,302 
25, 498 


3,003 

1,570 

12,463 


1,198 

563 

4,662 






58 


Wallingford 






31 


Waterbury 


490 


144 


308 


Middiebury 




Prospect 
















Wolcott 
















Watertown 


974 

1,057 


328 
482 


109 
180 










Westport 










Willimantic 






9 
10 
20 

197 

661 

196 

144 

3 

28 

73 

73 

35 
5 

27 
32 


7 


Windsor 3 . 


4,178 


786 


379 


125 






6 




142 

503 

531 

203 
160 


37 

138 

284 

59 
56 


10 


Delaware. 
Wilmington 


87,411 

331,069 

57,699 

37, 782 

8,258 


13, 678 

24,351 

2,488 
9,896 
4,357 


6,754 

11, 738 

1,308 
4,407 
1,816 


2,872 

6,474 

587 
919 
279 


99 


District of Columbia. 
Washington 5 


301 


Florida. 
Jacksonville 


89 


Tampas 


77 


West Tampa 


3 


Tarpon Springs 






6 


Georgia. 
Atlanta 


154, 839 


4,410 


2,287 


1,011 


73 

259 

1 
14 
58 
210 
37 
80 
52 
6 


57 
23 

3 
10 
30 
28 
16 
13 
22 

6 


40 


Hawaii. 
Honolulu 7 


40 


Idaho. 
American Falls 










2 


Blackfoot 










1 


Boise 


17, 358 


2,283 


1,555 


548 


15 


Burke 


1 


Coeur d'Alene . 


7,291 
9,110 


2,088 
1,289 


745 
1,289 


454 
415 




Pocatello... . 


24 

2 
12 


10 


Rexburg 




Twin Falls... 










5 


Illinois. 
Abingdon 












Alton 

Arlington Heights 


17,528 
1,943 


1,504 


764 


484 


54 


26 


32 
20 
5 

459 


14 
9 


Auburn 








..! 




3 


Aurora 

Montsomery 


29,807 
371 
352 
21,122 
2,675 
5,841 
25,768 


6,702 


3,556 


1,795 


381 


87 


270 


North Aurora 
















Belleville* 


2,500 

229 

1,570 

3,407 1 


1,227 
122 
751 

1,612 


770 

17 

536 

1, 152 1 


93 

477 | 


76 
106 


71 
39 
21 
39 


32 


Benton' 


26 


Berwynio 


16 


Bloomington 


40 . 


37 


32 



1 Includes activities at East Norwalk and 
Rowayton. 

1 Includes activities at Burrville, Torringford, 
and West Torrington. 

* Includes activities at Poquonock, Rainbow, 
and Wilson. 

* Includes activities at Winchester and Norfolk. 



5 Includes activities at Rosslyn, Va. 

6 Includes activities at Ybor City. 

7 Includes activities at Castner Barracks, Fort 
Shafter, and Schofield Barracks. 

8 Includes activities at Dewey Station. 

9 Includes activities at West City. 

10 Includes activities at Clyde and Morton Park. 



20 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C. — Foreiqn-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



Slate and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Illinois— Continued. 
Blue Island i 


8,043 
3,694 


1,903 
662 


1,015 
310 


625 
230 






116 


71 


Morgan Park. .' 














40 

7 
4 
4 


22 


Canton 










13 

188 

31 

56 

28,066 

737 


6 

120 

27 

17 

3,776 

69 


2 


Carlinville 










2 


Centralia 2 










2 


Cherry 


1,048 

2, 185, 283 

14,525 

1,825 

14,557 

31,140 

8,102 

207 

322 

613 

450 

308 

2,732 

3,926 

58,547 










Chicago 3 


781, 217 
6,077 


379, 850 
3,539 


190,693 
1,135 


31, 734 
788 

17 
379 

24 
195 


17,629 


Chicago Heights 


383 


Christopher * 


11 


Cicero .' 


6,072 
2,422 
2,584 


3,196 
1,127 
1,478 


1,354 
694 
637 






204 


Decatur 


34 

154 


21 
21 


11 


De Kalbs 


85 


Cortland 




Creston 
















Elburn 
















Malta 
















Maple Park 
















Rochelle 


420 

686 

9,400 


195 

349 

5,729 


126 

234 

1,613 










Sycamore 












135 
62 


108 
45 


151 

56 
63 
72 
77 


62 


Elgin 


24 


E vanston 


24,978 


5,700 


2,501 


1,349 


38 


Freeport 


124 
102 


33 
35 


32 


Galesburg 


22, 089 
753 


3,590 


1,844 


1,192 


31 


East Galesburg 




Geneva 








308 
244 
264 


46 
68 
55 


45 
21 

4 
45 
37 


29 


Georgetown 


2,307 
1,899 
9,903 
5,309 
1,558 
599 
7,227 
6,861 
4,209 
1,219 
3,248 

34,670 
1,101 
3,349 

11,537 
1,342 

10, 892 
5,046 
7,093 
8,033 
4,806 
3,806 

24,199 
2,665 
1,163 








17 


Glencoe 








2 


Granite City 


2,784 
295 


1,863 
180 


344 
49 


19 




79 


25 


24 






Ledford 
















Harvey 


1,784 

1,080 

864 


974 
565 
341 


385 
205 
120 






67 
16 

66 


31 








7 


Highland Park 






33 


Highwood 








Johnston City. , .... 


696 
10,441 


379 

5,877 


131 

2,483 






18 
525 


12 


Joliet 


705 


206 


271 


Rockdale 




Lake Forest 


1,106 
3,442 


478 
1,722 


251 

888 






43 

78 


12 


La Salle j 






41 




- 






Lincoln 


1,377 
2,512 
294 
2,053 
2,294 
1,426 
7,211 
1,232 


597 
1,845 

140 

947 
1,284 

271 
4,089 

851 


304 

60 

31 

515 

413 

234 

2,229 

134 


20 
247 

57 


29 
129 
25 


6 
12 

8 
479 


1 


Madison 


9 


Marion 


5 


Mavwood 


233 










Mendota 






4 
570 


1 


Moline 


414 


110 


212 






Silvis 


























North Chicago 


3,306 
19,444 


1,325 
3,325 


736 
1,380 


246 
934 






113 

79 

52 

82 

5 

276 

43 

1 

3 

8 

9 

1,259 


65 


Oak Park 






45 


Oglesby 






31 


Ottawa 


9,535 

6,055 

66,950 

7,984 


1,502 
1,098 
8,810 
2,135 


745 

516 

4,661 

1,043 


532 

287 

2,598 

703 


318 

2 

335 


124 
176 


40 




3 


Peoria 


109 


Peru 


28 


Piano 






1 


Pontiac 










17 

28 

47 

1,115 


1° 
26 

17 
158 






36,597 

2,657 

45,401 


3,641 
994 

13,828 


1,807 

176 

7,102 


1,342 

91 

4,094 


4 


Rock Falls 




Rockford 


692 



i Includes activities at Burr Oak. 

2 Includes activities at Glenridge. 

3 Includes activities at Austin, Hawthorn, Jeffer- 
son, and Kensington. 



' Includes activities at Hodgetown and Urbain. 
6 Includes activities at Rollo. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



21 



Table 0. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns— 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Populat 


on, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July I,'l918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Illinois— Continued . 


24,335 

357 

565 

4,046 


4,922 


2,537 


1,491 


633 


206 


290 
38 


138 




22 


Bush 














St. Charles... 


1,572 


877 


381 






88 


44 












1,370 

1,292 
51,678 

7,035 
949 

1,339 

1,910 
494 

7,467 
14,253 

5,446 




























6 
104 

96 


3 




6,900 
2,992 


3,356 
1,536 


1,940 
1,112 


190 
56 


ifo 

17 


62 




55 


Dalzell 




De Pue 
















Ladd... 


































867 

3,432 

487 


451 

1,705 

349 


295 

1,063 

234 


16 


6 


4 

89 

20 

1 

514 

112 






64 


Taylorville 


89 


37 


15 


Thayer 






16,069 
2,607 


5,624 
1,253 


3,176 
720 


1,087 
389 


890 


174 


251 


Westviffe 


65 












967 
4,331 


















658 


354 


217 


101 

30 


35 
9 


28 
2 
6 

140 


15 


York ville 


1 


Zeigler 










5 


Indiana. 


22,476 
5,096 

11,028 
8,634 
1,045 
1,174 
1,293 


977 
451 
812 
102 


548 

248 

409 

58 


255 
151 
241 
31 


151 


8 


103 






Elwood 










Frankfort 










Lapel 










Middletown 
















Pendleton 
















Clay City 








3 
131 
169 
146 
128 
137 


4 
35 

8 
30 
81 


4 
56 
742 
203 
105 
146 


3 


Clinton 


6,229 
19,098 
19,282 
69,647 
63,933 

1,038 
16,802 
20,925 

2,237 

1,019 

10,272 

233,650 

17,010 

2,590 
10,525 
19,050 
19,027 
11,886 


1,805 
10,295 
1,636 
4,462 
7,204 


937 
6,638 

893 
2,289 
3,785 


171 

951 

437 

1,683 

2,459 


40 


East Chicago 2 


374 


Elkhart 


127 


Evansville 


65 


Fort Wayne * 


99 








8,242 
5,553 


5,693 
3,131 


1,008 
1,022 


1,461 
3,186 


201 
195 


1,155 
496 


439 


Hammond 


200 


Cambridge City 




















Huntington 


461 

19, 767 
719 


242 

10,407 

369 


163 

6,088 
236 


65 

840 

59 


7 

184 

6 


28 
775 
52 


19 




488 




32 


Center Township 






1,954 
1,405 
4,528 
1,803 


1,083 
777 

2,399 
977 


522 

414 

1,048 

346 


216 

39 

419 


31 
14 
23 


143 

32 

540 

128 


96 




23 




326 




87 


Nashville 










20,629 
10,910 
22,324 
53,684 

4,115 
58,157 
14,895 

6,587 

24,324 
1,206 


858 

687 

1,173 

13,420 

88 

3,796 

816 

2,888 

3,938 


408 
363 
599 

6,787 
51 

2,057 
438 

1,715 

2,037 


370 
211 
320 

2,226 
17 

1.080 
321 
463 

1,283 


74 
44 
74 
1,935 
52 
524 
141 


7 

31 

207 

9 

48 

14 


67 
35 
53 
1,399 
9 
330 
55 
89 

32 


45 


Peru 


26 




43 


South Bend 


1,038 


Sullivan 






180 




40 




43 


Iowa. 
Burlington 


40 


19 


17 
















3 


1 




2,028 
1,254 
1,100 















































1 Includes activities at Hearst. 

2 Includes activities at Indiana Harbor. 

8 Includes activities at Areola and Huntertown. 



4 Includes activities at Enterprise, Orlabor, and 
Swanwood. 



22 



WOEK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C. — Foreiqn-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
•white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


I owa— Continued. 
Cedar Falls 


5,012 

32,811 

269 

482 

938 

6,936 

5,892 

4,884 


753 
5,321 


356 
2,619 


261 
1,531 






18 
79 


11 




134 


64 


46 








































697 
821 
754 


356 
455 
425 


261 
289 
183 






13 

7 

13 


5 




9 
67 


12 
22 






8 








25,577 
29, 292 
43,028 
909 
833 
86,368 

2,573 
38,494 
15, 543 

8,900 


4,880 
4,268 
8,101 


2,615 
2,309 
4,132 


1,697 
1,302 
2,597 


94 

70 

251 


35 

49 
116 


39 

74 
160 


24 




37 




66 
























10, 395 

175 

6,089 

2,188 

680 


5,231 

93 

3,220 

1,199 

112 


2,807 
54 

2,281 
609 
62 


224 


97 


194 


105 








120 
68 
14 


28 
29 

4 


73 
34 


34 




18 






















2 


11 


1 
6 

47 
8 

10 


1 












5 




11,230 


1,508 


823 


322 


93 

29 


31 
9 


33 

5 




16, 178 

223 

2,663 


2,145 


1,089 


713 


3 












522 


283 


99 






4 
1 

25 
3 
1 

17 


3 




37 
34 


9 
17 






6,028 
3,021 


929 
837 


565 
398 


202 
309 


9 


Pella 


3 








1 












120 


42 


8 














Sioux Citys 


47,828 
652 


10, 452 


5,781 


2,408 


398 


96 


153 


92 


























































Waterloo 4 


26, 693 


2,706 


1,494 


650 


94 


36 


75 


43 






Kansas: 


16,429 


1,084 


526 


289 


98 


14 


46 
1 


19 




1 




















3,597 


210 


113 


67 


11 


3 


2 


2 




















2 


2 




325 
4,304 
















176 


108 


29 






1 


1 












4,415 


396 


198 


152 


1 

14 

20 

1 

9 

98 








Cuba 


15 
19 


4 
4 


4 




250 








3 


Edson 










Fort Scott 


10,463 


386 


209 


106 


5 


4 

29 

14 

3 

4 

3 

1 

252 

4 

28 

5 




Franklin 


9 




3,396 


1,572 


798 


253 


11 








3 




3,273 
3,600 


513 
235 


221 
137 


56 
66 


26 

8 

14 

791 

7 

216 


7 
10 

7 
160 

1 
83 


4 




3 




1 




82,331 
12,463 
14, 755 


10,344 

463 

1,137 


5,710 
259- 
588 


2,427 
133 
322 


134 




4 




14 




2 



i Includes activities at Benson and Cedar Heights. 

2 Includes activities at Fairport. 

3 Includes activities at Leeds and Sioux City. 



4 Includes activities at Waterloo East Side and 
Waterloo West Side. 

6 Includes activities at Cokedale, East Mineral, 
and Mackie. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



23 



Table G. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended. June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Kansas— Continued. 














6 
2 
7 
2 


2 




396 
9,688 








74 

3 


12 
1 






740 


376 


222 


5 




2 




















43,684 
52,450 

5,420 
35,099 
223,928 
30,309 

1,677 

1,004 

586 


4,153 

2,855 

69 


2,123 
1,591 

40 


1,115 
633 

12 

330 

5,704 

1,009 


209 
75 


31 
16 


121 
37 


105 
19 




Kentucky. 






936 509 
17,436 8,334 
3, 405 1 534 






4 

138 
25 

3 


3 




201 
26 

9 


124 

8 

3 






11 


Louisiana. 




































































2,942 
3,609 


154 
150 


72 

72 


18 

8 






5 


3 






















339,075 
28,015 

15,064 

13,211 

24,803 

9,396 

17,079 

6,621 

2,016 

4,961 

1,867 

2,864 

26, 247 


27, 686 
1,004 

2,574 
2,639 
4,280 
1,315 
6,761 
1,539 


13,486 
525 

1,090 
1,022 
1,883 

526 
2,537 

602 


6,138 
248 

454 
271 
610 
210 
823 
270 


670 
38 

243 
107 
227 
226 


303 
21 

108 
15 
93 
37 


395 
19 

55 
24 
141 
25 
27 
8 


147 






Maine. 


29 






75 


Bath 




11 




















1,289 


481 


142 


135 
23 


18 
16 


3 
3 


3 






309 
9 418 


181 
3,502 
427 
664 
449 
5,023 
415 
748 


74 

1,406 

165 

118 

63 

2,222 

147 

347 










219 
5 

12 
16 

173 






4,116 ' 988 






4 


Old Town 


6,317 1.383 






7 




3,555 
58,571 
7,471 
8,281 
5,179 
6,777 
2,065 
6,583 
5,341 
11,458 

558,485 

5,455 
13,026 
9,894 
5,112 
7,301 
11,187 
8,536 
16,215- 
2,797 


858 
12, 078 
1,003 
1,744 
1,147 
2,634 






11 




458 


231 


W 
















524 166 
1,280 1 192 


202 
64 


36 
34 


6 
19 




Rumford 8 




Mexico 






1,168 

783 

2,688 

77,043 

885 
5,097 
2,636 

661 
2,227 
2,758 
1,638 
4,453 

574 


463 

346 

1,138 

33,638 

399 

2,042 
1,140 

259 

826 
1,157 

779 
1,919 

275 


158 
144 
454 

16,643 

153 
766 
463 
8^ 
340 
602 
176 
808 
112 






6 
12 

97 

1,399 

1 

16 


4 




60 


20 




Waterville < 


72 


Maryland. 
Baltimore * 


1,279 


550 


647 


Massachusetts. 




Adams 






10 
















6 

18 

46 

15 

158 


2 








6 








24 


Athol 






12 








109 


Ayer 




































Petersham 




















5,542 


1,572 


639 


275 






14 


12 



1 Includes activities at Culette and Shiloh. 

2 Includes activities at Algiers, Amesville, Chef 
Menteur, Gentilly, Lake-view, Lee, Little Woods, 
McDonoghville, Milneburg, and Pontchartrain 
Grove. 

8 Includes activities at Smithville and Virginia. 



4 Includes activities at Winslow. 

6 Includes activities at Arlington, Brooklyn, Ca- 
tonsville, Curtis Bay, Dundalk, Franklinville, 
Gardenville, Govans, Hamilton, Hillsdale, Mount 
Winans, Orangeville, Roland Park, Sparrows Point, 
Towson, and West Arlington. 



24 



WOKK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C— Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or toions — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Massachusetts— Continu . 
Beverly 


18,650 

9,407 

1,749 

1,010 

670,585 

15,507 

7,688 

56, 878 

27, 792 

104, 839 

4,797 

32,452 

25,401 

13,075 

714 

2,464 

2,464 

2,585 

6,421 

1,231 

551 

1,175 

9,284 

2,152 

4,267 

3,363 


4,661 
1,908 


2,174 
790 


808 
385 






98 


60 




































Boston 1 


240, 722 
4,442 
2,317 

15,425 
8,345 

34,608 
1,156 

13,748 

10,036 
4,798 


103, 160 
2,077 
1,623 
7,033 
2,307 
14,636 
489 
5,883 
4,330 
1,916 


47,791 

905 

482 

3,167 

1,274 

7,162 

252 

2,133 

1,280 

1,029 


15,048 


4,304 


6,154 


3,216 










15 
168 

78 
495 

27 
321 

82 

17 


10 




319 


170 






39 








266 








18 








180 


Chicopee 






60 








10 












































520 
1,649 


217 
738 


85 
292 






8 
4 


8 








1 












































2,718 


1,206 


520 


102 


31 


26 
1 
5 
6 


17 






1,579 
547 


704 
253 


172 
113 






5 








5 




44 


12 






8,524 

870 

5,139 

5,183 


3,077 


1,227 


404 


18 


7 












1,371 
1,020 


698 
470 


380 
141 






6 


5 
















27 


21 




33,484 

119,295 

2,798 

1,978 


9,607 

50,874 

706 


4,085 

20, 181 

295 


2,228 

8,368 

102 








Fall River 






125 


80 






































2,928 
3,144 

37,826 

12,948 
1,682 
2,452 
1,428 
5,641 
2,696 
1,743 

14,699 

24,398 
1,621 
2,673 

10,427 
2,209 
2,326 
1,410 
1,336 

44, 115 

2,202 

962 

1,173 

4,965 

57, 730 

4,894 

6,743 

904 

764 


591 


261 


68 

79 

1,950 

557 












544 245 












13,611 
3,156 


5,933 
1,341 






305 
32 


200 








15 










Hopkinton 


































1,504 
537 


722 
216 


248 
112 






17 


6 










"Wrentham 












5,312 
7,484 


2,703 
3,980 


762 
1,743 






38 
139 


27 








66 


Essex 










847 
1,918 


437 
916 


165 
366 












120 


37 


65 


40 


Deerfield 
















7 


6 


Norwell 
































11,153 


4,936 


1,915 






123 


83 


Merrimac 








Newton, N. H 
















Plaistow, N. H 


















943 

23,238 

1,317 

1,790 


388 

9,457 

538 

863 


, 153 

3,765 

239 

293 






15 
171 


12 


Holyoke 3 






98 


South Hadley 














7 


5 


Berlin 

























1 Includes activities at Allston, Brighton, Charles- 
town, Dorchester, East Boston, Mattapan, Mount 
Hope, Roslindale, Roxbury, South Boston, and 
West Roxbury. 



2 Includes activities at Elmwood and Westdale. 

3 Includes activities at South Hadley Falls and 
Willimansett. 

4 Includes activities at Stow. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



25 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Populat 


on, 1910. 


Naturalization 

Foreign-born white papers filed in 

males of voting • county from 

age, 1910. July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Massachusetts— Continued. 
Ipswich 


5,777 

1,749 

1,368 

1,174 

85,892 

5,529 

3,060 

17,580 

1,393 

4,918 

591 

106,294 

2,789 

3,461 

3,750 

4,948 

89,336 

1,184 

8,047 

6,204 

44,404 

15,715 

14,579 

1,713 

6,390 

23,150 

11,448 

13,055 

4,758 

6,866 

9,866 

5,026 

96,652 

1,692 

4,378 

5,122 

1,471 

14,949 

39,806 

22,019 

19, 431 

9,562 

8,807 


2,251 


872 


175 






14 


11 










Rowley 
















Topsfield 


















41,319 

1,828 

754 

4,875 


17,414 

804 

350 

2,058 


6,588 
379 
178 
645 






372 


215 


North Andover 
























55 


32 


Lunenberg 








Lexington 


1,143 


517 


242 










Burlington 










Lowell.. 


43, 457 

662 

1,035 

1,670 

2,309 

27,344 


IS, 191 
283 
482 
872 
799 

12, 038 


7,028 
180 
231 
89 
158 

4,931 






476 


273 


Billerica 








Dracut 










Tewkesburv 










Ludlow 






101 
346 


72 


Lvnn 






178 


Nahant 








Saugus 


1,750 
1,369 
13, 430 
3,091 
3,344 


751 

580 

5,404 

1,182 

1,508 


416 

250 

2,941 

718 
810 










Swampscott 










Maiden 






423 


228 


Melrose 














52 


42 


Northboro 










3,002 
5,125 
4,501 
4,331 
904 
1,936 
1,997 
1,584 
42,625 


1,403 

2,134 

1,776 

2,039 

399 

923 

926 

644 

17,151 


349 
1,195 
922 
674 
156 
375 
499 
268 
5,441 






15 

88 

33 

45 

7 

7 

16 

6 

285 


9 


Medford 






62 


Methuen 






20 


Milford 






30 


Monson 






5 


Montague 






6 


Natick 






11 


Needham 






6 


New Bedford 






198 


Acushnet 








Dartmouth 


1,072 
1,232 


488 
538 


116 
173 










Fairhaven 










Freetown 










N'ewburyport 


3,007 
11,191 
6,046 
4,880 
2,490 
3,560 


1,215 
4,061 
2,561 
2,131 
1,133 
1,619 


569 
1,829 
1,266 
983 
508 
503 






33 
61 
74 
37 
17 
17 
2 


18 


Newton 






30 


North Adams 






51 


Northampton 






23 


North Attleboro ' 






9 


Northbridge 






15 


North Easton 






2 


North Weymouth 
















Norwood 


8,014 

8,610 

15, 721 

32, 121 

3,568 

1,116 

947 

12,141 

32,642 

18,219 

6,928 

4,211 

43,697 

1,946 

77,236 

1,745 

12,592 

2,032 

1,957 

88, 926 

3,501 


2,555 
3,074 
5,341 
6,744 
462 


1,289 
1,354 
2,931 
3,176 
199 


521 
282 
783 
1,549 
138 






44 
23 
54 
85 


27 


Palmer 2 






19 


Peabody 






29 


Pittsfield 


253 


205 


58 


Dalton 




Hinsdale 










Lanesboro 
















Plymouth 


3,722 
10, 875 
5,331 
1,110 
1,029 
13,539 


1,621 
4,996 
2,400 
502 
478 
5,696 


463 

2,367 

1,407 

276 

200 

2,443 


66 


35 


28 

1,619 

147 

7 

14 

132 

21 

506 

1 

53 


19 




734 


Revere 






97 


Rockland 






6 


Rockport* 






9 


Salem 


1,258 


977 


83 


Shrewsbury 


18 




20,751 


8,814 


4,263 






324 


Southboro 






1 


Southbridge 


4,315 


1,943 


657 






39 










Sturbridge 


















22,999 
826 


9,942 
378 


4,182 
155 


2,631 


839 


1,226 


728 



i Includes activities at Plainville. 
2 Includes activities at Bondsville, Thorndike, 
and Three Rivers. 



3 Includes activities at Pigeon Cove. 

4 Includes activities at Long Meadow. 



26 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table 0. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-b orn white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Massachusetts— Continued . 


7,090 

6,316 

34,259 

4,671 

11,404 

5,818 

4,892 

3,863 

960 

27, 834 

12, 875 

11,509 

5,413 

16,014 

9,221 

12, 895 

7,292 

9,309 

10, 132 

15,308 

1,858 

145, 986 

5,833 


1,362 
1,439 
9,779 
1,243 
3,128 
1,012 
1,306 
698 


615 
666 

4,206 
601 

1,280 
421 
635 
377 


316 
266 
1,506 
144 
662 
191 
230 
125 






15 
12 
58 
2 
66 


7 


Stoughton 






10 




991 


592 


31 


TJxbridee 


1 


Wakefield » 






39 


Reading 








Walpole 






14 


10 


Foxboro 








Norfolk 










Waltham 


7,683 
4,057 
4,096 
1,559 
4,401 
2,100 
2,312 
1,108 
2,486 
2,093 
4,039 


3,068 
1,773 
1,839 

550 
2,173 

943 
1,099 

481 
1,027 

819 
2,006 


1,525 
804 
680 
234 
588 
372 
509 
218 
366 
551 

1,063 






94 
118 
21 
6 
30 
82 


48 


Watertown 






62 


Webster 






14 


Wellasley 






3 


West field 






18 


West Springfield 






57 


Weymouth 








Whitman , 






6 
27 
25 
35 


6 


Winchester 






15 


Winthrop 






12 


Woburn 






23 


Wilmington 








Worcester 


48, 492 

775 


22, 816 
421 


9,126 
245 


3,365 


1,172 


2,032 

28 
20 
73 
2 
26 


1,214 


Michigan. 
Albion 


16 


Alpha 2 










14,817 


2,256 


955 


561 


90 

8 


48 
3 


32 






Baltics 










11 


South Range 


1,097 






























Battle Creek 


25,267 

45, 166 

4,119 

9, 185 

701 

4,583 

20,097 

8,537 

7,775 

794 


2,616 

11,027 

351 

1,187 


1,259 

5,213 

130 

538 


570 

4,009 

66 

340 


89 
248 


28 
141 


62 

145 

3 

69 


47 


Bay City 


97 


Belding 


2 


Benton Harbor * 






51 


Coloma 










2,144 


1,260 


427 


215 


108 


208 
88 


78 




50 




2,617 


1,263 


825 














































6 


4 




















3,775 
465,766 


1,501 
56,565 


818 
75,323 


358 
32,891 


257 
20,534 


90 
2,650 


62 

9,203 

6 

3 

6 

1 

162 

1,429 

40 

45 






4,864 
4 


















1 
















6 




5,088 

13, 194 

38,550 

4,211 

5,856 

802 

112,571 


471 
4,095 
6,662 
1,423 
1,364 


263 

2,236 

3,628 

753 

665 


88 

1,365 

1,579 

352 

393 


5 
335 
341 


4 
95 
144 






90 


Flint 


734 




21 




161 


72 


33 








28,335 


13,689 


7,758 






1,106 

5 

277 

51 

14 

2 

769 

76 

29 


758 








4 




3,559 
8,981 


1,261 
3,162 


568 
1,611 


262 
786 






202 








31 




86 


43 


13 


Hemlock 










2 




4,120 
10,490 
5,113 


915 
2,465 
1,184 


404 

1,162 

566 


247 
764 
390 






446 








55 




546 


211 


18 



1 Includes activities at Lynnfield. 

2 Includes activities at Dunn Mine Location. 
* Includes activities at Trimountain. 

' Includes activities at Millburg. 
5 Includes activities at Centennial, Centennial 
Heights, Kearsarge, and Tamarack. 



6 Includes activities at North Escanaba and Wells 

7 Includes activities at Ferrysburg. 

s Includes activities at Austin and Princeton. 
9 Includes activities at Franklin Mine and Quincy 
Mine. 
10 Includes activities at Greenfield. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



27 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Michigan— Continued. 


5,030 

9,216 

2,450 

12,821 

12,448 

31,433 

39,437 

656 

1,493 

816 

1,624 


;744 
3,741 


366 

1,878 


268 
1,208 


50 
124 


20 
116 


25 

45 
48 
166 
60 
192 
194 


16 




92 






6,234 
4,732 
4,307 
6,857 


3,651 
2,478 
2,182 
3,149 


1,259 
1,550 
1,180 
1,505 






105 












194 
339 


55 

87 


112 


































































49 
285 


9 
91 


3 
265 






31,229 

341 

3,154 


3,973 


2,006 


1,029 


153 






St. Johns 


192 


97 


55 
















3 

74 
59 
33 
79 
20 






9,132 
12,361 

4,722 
11,503 


2,247 
3,610 
1,548 
3,574 


1,129 

1,828 

849 

1,930 


782 
1,480 

499 
1,117 


96 
102 
286 
241 

40 


39 
34 
84 
91 
27 






46 




14 




41 




14 




766 
6,893 
2,952 
24,062 

330 
1,690 
8,460 
4,974 
9,639 
1,384 

470 

720 












828 
1,048 
6,252 


458 

575 

3,092 


188 

280 

2,070 


93 
92 

527 


22 
39 

94 


47 

14 

307 


22 




7 




200 
























3,862 
2,185 
1,352 


2,207 

1,119 

674 


869 
719 
398 






37 
33 
56 


23 








21 




102 


56 


43 

















































20 

2 

225 

128 


9 
















1 




14,532 

18,683 

4,211 

4,163 

1,689 

50,510 

505 

237 


2,683 
5,979 
1,953 
1,227 


1,290 

2,541 

1,151 

581 


619 

1,917 

357 

284 


403 
243 


81 

60 


96 




87 












28 


20 


Ford City 








Saginaw i° 


11,701 


5,584 


3,799 


422 1 m 


164 


125 






























91 
60 

7 


62 


Sault St. Marie 


12,615 
891 


5,180 


2,418 


1,330 


191 


62 


32 


Scottville ii 


4 


St. Charles 
















277 
1,322 




1"" 










Stambaugh i* 




1 






42 
6 
3 
18 
23 
98 
20 












23 


20 


4 




5,936 


1,468 


593 


337 


3 




187 
34 


92 

26 


7 




12, 115 


2,009 


1,042 


634 


16 


Wakefield 


44 




6,330 

816 

1,263 


614 


251 


155 






12 



























''Includes activities at Comstock. 

2 Includes activities at Bath, De Witt, Haslett, 
Holt, and Mason. 

3 Includes activities at Waucedah. 

* Includes activities j at East Lake, File City, 
and Oak Hill. 
6 Includes activities at Allouez. 

6 Includes activities at Erie and La Salle. 

7 Includes activities at Vulcan. 



8 Includes activities at North Port Huron, Salt 
Block, and Upton Works. 

9 Includes activities at Ecorse and Navarre. 

i" Includes activities at Birch Run, Bridgeport, 
Burt, Carrollton, Fosters, Freeland,Swann Creek, 
and Zilwaukee. 

11 Includes activities at Amber. 

i 2 Includes activities at New Caspian and Palatka, 



28 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table 0.— Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Minnesota. 


6.192 
544 
368 
775 


1,192 


591 


337 


53 


11 


35 


2 
























































1,919 
84 

6,960 
264 
552 
170 

5,099 

1,690 


































1,128 


615 


342 


48 


29 


23 


12 






Lvle.. 
















Waltham 
















Bemidii 


1,056 


670 


401 


60 


29 


5 
10 
2 


2 




4 


Blooming Prairie 












1 


















8,526 
1,005 


2,164 


1,112 


796 


121 


33 


39 

75 
8 


16 


Buhl. 


34 










40 


10 


5 














Chisholm 6 


7,684 


4,469 


2,936 


551 






144 

1 

149 

52 


78 




36 

307 


22 

40 


1 


Cloquet 


7,031 

1,613 

1,377 

245 

887 

549 


2,959 


1,794 


753 


91 




11 
















































































Crosby 7 














15 


7 




586 






















34 
37 


16 

7 


8 

5 

4 

1,648 




Detroit 


2,807 


533 


267 


217 


1 




1 


Duluth 


78,466 


30, 652 


17, 663 


8,359 


1,579 


451 


681 






East Grand Forks 


2,533 
12,478 
3,572 
7,036 
2,958 
9,001 
6,887 

567 
1,019 

343 
1,700 

151 

411 


773 
3,607 
1,713 
3,761 

392 
1,443 
2,418 


422 
1,756 

995 
2,328 

198 

695 
1,288 


220 
929 
377 
679 
169 
445 
494 


71 


26 


18 


7 






Ely s. . 






264 
134 
10 
10 
40 


142 


Eveleth 






96 


Fairmont 


30 
30 
90 


13 

7 
41 


3 


Fairbault 


8 


Fergus Falls 9 


19 






































Gilbert 10 












63 


30 


Elba 










































1 

12 

468 


1 




2,230 

8,832 

761 








265 


35 


7 


Hibbing u . 


4,342 


2,879 


730 


152 



























1,487 
700 
695 








.. 104 


19 

6 


70 


27 










20 












7 
9 














6 














92 
3 


36 










2 



i Includes activities at Armstrong, Clarks Grove, 
and Hayward. 

2 Includes activities at Andriatic and Oakland. 

s Includes activities at Lansing and Oakland. 

•* Includes activities at Pineville. 

s Includes activities at Barrows. 

« Includes activities at Hartley, Monroe, Myers, 
and Shenango Locations. 

1 1ncludes activities at Ironton. 

8 Includes activities at Winton. 



9 Includes activities at Underwood. 

10 Includes activities at Senoa Mine Location and 
Sparta. 

ii Includes activities at Alice, Brooklyn, Dupond, 
Glenn, Kittsville.Latonia, Mace, Mahoning, Maple 
Hill, Mitchell, Penobscot, Pool, and Stevenson. 

12 Includes activities at Bennet Mine, Bray Loca- 
tion, and St. Paul Location. 

1 3 Includes activities at Lucknow, Sharon, and 
Spina. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



29 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
Julv 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Minnesota — Continued. 


652 








23 


12 
































i 

25 




Little Falls 


6,078 


1,300 


638 


522 


28 


9 


15 




















3 

68 


1 


Mankato 


10, 365 

231 

1,055 

1,279 

4,176 


2,070 


1,018 


814 


90 


16 


31 






































St. Peter. 


1,260 


635 


254 










Marshall 


37 

11 

3,810 


25 

8 
788 


11 


3 


Menahga(districts 55 and 62) 
Minneapolis 












301,408 
765 
1,743 
3,056 
4,840 
1,343 
231 
2,080 
5,648 
1,404 


85,938 


45, 159 


23,462 


6,678 


3,859 






















Montevideo 


571 
1,384 


304 
751 


177 

458 


45 
41 


17 
14 


46 
18 
44 


28 


Moorhead 


6 




20 




























47 
15 
3 
1 
14 
2 
5 


26 




1,576 


783 


647 


42 


13 


11 


North St Paul. 


2 










15 

26 
21 
26 


9 
11 
10 

14 


1 


O watonna * 


5,658 


1,104 


520 


400 


8 




2 












3 














Rochester 


7,844 


1,555 


747 


375 


34- 


9 


22 


5 






St. Cloud 4 


10,600 

214,744 

1,745 


2,024 
56,524 


1,103 
29,048 


675 
17,071 


'"74- 

1,270 

22 


41 

638 

16 


21 

1,480 


11 


St. Paul 


611 














7 
81 
25 


6 


South St. Paul 


4,510 

10, 198 

1,343 


1,723 
2,774 


934 
1,578 


423 
1,151 


38 
37 


8 
16 


41 


Stillwater* 


12 






Tofte . 








9 

167 

1,311 


5 

44 
275 








4,990 

10,473 

439 




2,114 
5,340 


1,265 
3,397 


466 
958 


64 
437 


22 




228 


















2 
19 

1 
44 

3 

4 
8 

1 


1 




4,135 

728 

18,583 




1,281 


631 


434 


49 


19 


10 




1 


Winnna 


3,858 


1,929 


1,586 


44 


27 


18 




3 


Mississippi. 


9,610 
6,386 

8,475 


296 
269 

375 


185 
164 

208 


86 
64 

162 






3 


Gulfport 






5 


Missouri. 


2 

19 
25 


1 
8 
22 


1 








18,341 


774 


421 


234 


6 


2 








248,381 
9,859 
5,960 
77,403 
687,029 
4,976 
17,822 


25,327 
412 
470 
8,113 
125, 706 
505 
801 


13,052 

203 

288 

4,281 

63,440 
267 
413 


6,953 
116 
173 

2,256 

33.0S1 

191 

325 


437 


160 


500 


251 


Independence 

Rosedale, Kans 

St . Louis 












87 
1,872 


36 
857 


63 
1,538 


33 
920 


10 


8 


16 


14 



i Includes activities at Ellis, Hopper, Kinross, 
Leonidas Mine, and Parkville. 

2 Includes activities at Young America. 

» Includes activities at Bixby, Havana Hope, 
Medford, Meriden, Merton, and Pratt. 



* Includes activities at White Park. 

5 Includes activities at Oak Park. 

6 Includes activities at Northside. 

1 1ncludes activities at North Kansas City. 



30 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Populat 


on, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
Julv 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Montana. 


















Butte 










798 


165 


379 


177 


Caldwell 


























4 


2 


Dillon 












































32 

59 
271 

64 
82 


102 
52 
82 

167 
93 


3 

7 

120 

29 

18 


1 












4 


Great Falls 


13,948 

3,624 

2,992 

575 


3,662 

1,041 

411 


1,943 
757 
219 


1,018 
188 
123 


45 


Havre 


8 


Lewistown i 


8 






Libby 








34 
63 

118 
50 

107 

25 
19 

87 


12 
11 
857 
93 
23 

5 

7 
24 


11 
25 
43 
3 
16 

13 

3 

50 


5 


Miles City 


4,697 
12,869 


852 
2,997 


555 
2,020 


166 

785 


6 


Missoula 


10 






Red Lodge 


4,860 


2,099 


1,314 


420 


8 


Nebraska. 


11 


Blue Hill 










2 


Columbus 


5,014 


1,061 


529 


318 


21 
















9 
57 
52 
37 

76 


8 
57 
10 
20 
31 


2 
29 
20 
40 
52 
51 

4 
515 
22 


2 


Fremont 


8,718 


1,369 


686 


457 


16 




15 


Grand Island 


10,326 
9,338 
2,680 
1,778 

43,973 
3,765 


1,561 

1,439 

657 


869 
647 
415 


541 
443 

87 


26 


Hastings 


42 


Havelock 


40 


Hebron 


38 
706 


15 
114 


1 


Lincoln 


7,200 
437 


3,101 
188 


1,372 
105 


437 


McCook 


17 




27 
37 


5 
19 




Norfolk 


6,025 


799 


422 


162 


33 


18 








124,096 
3,170 
1,526 
25,259 


27,068 
484 


13,788 
237 


7,079 
155 






818 


477 






















7,834 


4,377 


1,956 










Platte Center 






1 

11 
10 
19 
17 
3 
6 
1 


1 


Plattsmouth 


4,287 


809 


433 


316 


54 
50 
37 


19 

10 
21 


7 


Ponca 


10 


Schuyler 


2,152 








11 


Scottsbluff 








13 


Superior 










26 

15 
15 
18 
21 

41 


21 

8 

16 

19 

9 

11 


3 


Sutton 










4 


Wilber 


1,219 








1 


Winnebago 










York....:....:: 


6,235 


590 


274 


164 


10 

22 


7 


Nevada. 
Ely 


10 














New Hampshire. 
Berlin 


11,780 

2,155 

924 

7,529 

21,497 

3,062 

13, 247 

823 

331 

3,348 

1,836 


5,082 


2,378 


768 


62 


40 


82 


54 






















Claremont 


1,819 

4,309 

878 

3,296 


731 
1,984 

358 
1,475 


298 
962 
230 

747 


49 
86 


19 

84 


19 
33 


14 


Concord 2 


22 






Dover s 


121 


31 


42 


21 
























1,340 


497 


106 










Rollinsford.. 










East Jafirey 








68 
80 


47 
197 


5 

4 


4 


Exeter 










4 



ilneludes activities at Glengarry, Hilger, and 
South Lewiston. 



2 Includes activities at Penacook. 

3 Includes activities at Elliot. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



31 



Table 0. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1/1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


New Hampshire— Contd. 
Franklin 


6,132 

1,474 

850 

1,895 

70, 063 

637 

1,110 

676 

993 

818 

2,579 

1,528 

1,325 

3,939 

26, 005 

11,269 

2,117 

1,866 

46, 150 
55, 545 


1,613 


596 


262 






7 


5 


Northfield 








Sanborn ton 
















Jaflrey 


















29, 692 


11,486 


4,566 


330 


1,116 


352 


216 






Bedford 
































Candia 
































Goff stown 
















Hooksett 
















Weare 












5 

86 
36 






974 
8,957 
2,138 


503 

3,748 

975 


194 

1,190 

514 




4 


Portsmouth 


150 


52 


57 
19 


Salem 2 








Tilton 








49 
229 


33 
217 






New Jersey. 
Atlantic City 


6,400 
20, 522 


2,996 
10, 109 


1,170 
3,364 


111 

426 
12 
48 


67 


Bayonne 


273 




282 


73 


9 


Bloomfield 


15,070 


3,359 


1,544 


808 


28 












4,930 
4,250 
3,970 
14,209 
94,538 


1,090 
349 

1,242 

691 

15, 682 


505 
162 
606 
830 
7,397 


207 

63 

212 

131 

3,041 






14 
43 
27 
16 

404 
18 

142 
29 
58 


8 




364 


58 


27 




23 




61 

1,054 

62 


36 

241 

38 


13- 


Camden 


244 




4 


Clifton 










100 




3,641 
7,468 
1,902 
2,983 
3,163 
9,337 
7,398 
2,076 












21 


Dover * 


1,313 


667 


385 






2ft 










Wharton 


1,133 

1,215 

1,659 

993 


732 
546 
840 
457 


169 

255 
107 
175 










East Newark 






14 

41 
18 


7 


Rah way 






2ft 


Red Bank 


199 


128 


10- 






Fair Haven 
















Little Silver 


















Shrewsbury 


3,238 
5,416 
2,725 
7,045 
















Ridgewood 


768 

579 

1,185 


316 
227 

509 


162 
136 
262 






15 
22 
14 
13 


ft 


Roselle 






15 








12 


Somerville 






9 


South Amboy 


7,007 
4,772 


1,555 
2,420 


803 
1,399 


354 
249 








South River 




















Summit 


7,500 

1,874 

3,720 

873 


2,024 


769 


349 






64 


35 


Chatham 








Milburn 
































Short Hills 
















Springfield 


1,246 
2,756 
21,023 
96,815 
















Tenafly 


803 

6,665 

26,310 


362 
3,133 
12,938 


146 
1,723 
5,253 






8 

96 

1,264 


7 








53 


Trenton 


2,178 
24 


472 
19 


883 








11,228 

6,420 

35,403 

13, 560 

5,647 












Westfield 


1,057 
13,713 
3,556 
2,187 


471 

6,177 
1,712 
1,104 


232 

2,905 

920 

452 






16 

285 
183 


11 








184 








128 










Union Hill 












2,399 








24 


7 



















1 Includes activities at Grassmere. 

2 Includes activities at Hampshire. 

» Includes activities at Roeblingand White House. 



* Includes activities at Bowlbyville, Denville, 
Kenvil, Mill Brook, and Mine Hill. 



32 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


New Mexico. 


11,020 


1,296 


624 


430 


31 


4 


31 


19 






Martinez Town 




















2,143 






















2 
31 

7 
13 


6 

20 

1 

3 


















Santa Fe 




5,072 
3,217 


196 
559 


108 
266 


70 
242 


3 
1 


1 


Silver City 


1 
















1 

647 
30 
99 


1 

342 

39 
96 






New York. 




100,253 1 18,165 
5,016 ! 995 
31,267 10.624 


8,192 

454 

4,691 


4,827 
327 

1,808 


283 
6 
57 


135 


Albion 2 


4 


Amsterdam 3 


31 




875 
34,668 
1,393 
1,085 
1,423 
1,615 










7,620 


3,788 


1,743 


152 


106 


105 


75 
























































960 

4,138 

11,613 

48,443 

1,544 

1,634,351 

423, 715 

1,259 

3,563 


















604 
2,133 
7,389 


300 
1,026 
3,310 


152 

474 

1,260 


91 

55 

221 


55 
29 
127 


8 

21 

264 


3 




16 




141 






Brooklyn 


571,356 
118,444 


470, 386 
56, 337 


109, 100 
29,409 


9,086 
6,416 


3,645 
1,090 


2,096 
4,352 


1,228 


Buffalo' 


2,479 








483 


266 


83 






5 


3 


Clayrille. . 








Cohoes 


24,709 
13,730 
11,504 

3,921 
17,221 

5,285 

3,114 
37,176 

1,778 
432 

2,732 


7,373 
1,795 
1,281 
1,913 
5,146 
1,187 
316 
5,259 


2,990 

896 

657 

1,192 

2,548 

536 

. 157 

2,494 


1,605 
486 
245 
223 

1,067 
263 
112 

1,648 






70 
17 
15 
75 
141 


44 


Corning 


29 
34 


17 
29 


8 




9 




47 


Dunkirk 


62 


7 


116 






Ellenville'. 












65 


40 


46 


31 
























325 


155 


76 






2 
4 
19 
16 
26 
3 
34 


1 


Endicott 






4 


Freeport 


4,836 
10,480 
12,446 


570 
1,783 
2,215 


266 

840 

1,050 


175 
206 
635 


240 


209 


9 


Fulton 


9 


Geneva 


66 
26 
45 


58 
31 
59 


14 


Geneseo 


2 


Gloversville 


20,642 


4,008 


1,777 


829 


19 






Hornell 


13,617 

11,417 

12,004 

14,802 

31,297 

619 

2,141 

564 


1,272 
2,209 


627 
1,142 


450 
336 


8 

74 

48 

37 

141 


8 
39 
43 
49 
68 


12 
33 
23 
22 
111 


6 


Hudson s 


23 


Huntington 


15 


Ithaca 


1,589 
10,612 


723 

5,035 


374 
2,741 


7 


Jamestown » 


67 
























































4,364 


727 


385 


175 


52 


56 


12 
44 
32 
39 
10 


7 




13 


Little Falls 


12,273 
17,970 
4,460 


3,915 

3,235 

808 


1,832 

1,558 

387 


581 
887 
266 


98 

688 
45 


59 

221 

39 


20 


Lockport 


26 








1 Includes activities at West Albany. 

2 Includes activities at Fancher and Hulberton. 

3 Includes activities at Cranesville and Fort John- 
son. 

4 Includes activities at Aurelia, Fleming, and 
Melrose Park. 



5 Includes activities at Johnson City, 
e Includes activities at Cheektowaga. 

7 Includes activities at Greenfield and Napanoch . 

8 Includes activities at Stottville. 

9 Includes activities at Frewsberg. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



33 



Table G. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended, June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued . 



state and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Naturalization 

Foreign-born white papers filed in 

males of voting county from 

age, 1910. | July 1, 1918, to 

! June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total 


Foreien- 
born 

white. 


Total. 


Natural- \ Decla- 
ized. rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 

9 
19 
32 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


New York— Continued. 


6,467 
5,699 
6,634 
1,004 
5 683 


819 
1,641 
1,343 


346 
781 
699 


205 48 


13 


7 




344 
268 












19 


Stillwater 












I.1J58 


553 

770 

320 

3,612 


300 

400 

120 

1,950 






14 
16 
6 

128 


- 




15,313 1 1,578 

2 7S2 SSI 


26 


34 


8 




1 




30,919 

1,863 

681 

2,722 

27,805 

28,867 

4,766,883 

30,445 


8,029 






94 










I 'elharn 














1,140 

4,823 

8,677 

1,927,703 

12,064 


543 
-2,241 

4,000 

828,793 

5, 755 


202 

1,125 

1,979 

318,091 

2,082 














31 

112 

26,724 

393 


16 








51 




25,469 


12,272 


13,428 




242 




1,299 
11 955 












3,628 


1,887 
948 

1,184 
422 
428 

1,978 

2,122 
27,067 


765 
573 
641 






164 


124 




8,290 

14,743 

8,317 

9,491 

23,368 

27,936 

218,149 

3,998 

2,071 

1,549 

4,862 

7,777 

2,184 

1,972 

3,526 

2,754 

3,143 

. 2,954 

2,977 

6,566 

3,634 

1 853 


1,854 

2,424 

876 

741 

4,290 

4,534 

59,993 










61 


19 


73 


43 




234 33 
200 27 
835 92 
994 196 
13,003 J 1,516 


52 IS 


4 




20 

77 

152 

604 


8 

38 

104 

1,580 


4 




24 




66 




869 






Chili 




























Gates 




























Hamlin 




















































































Penfield 






















































Rush 


2,150 
3,755 
2,453 
3,667 
i 2on 








































420 


209 


133 






15 














Rome 20,497 


4,114 

942 

1,771 

18,631 


2,254 
481 
803 

9,562 


869 

266 

468 

3,856 


182 


84 


171 
3 

24 
257 


117 
2 








10 


Schenectady * 


72,826 
5,201 
1,907 

9 OS 7 


325 


311 


148 


















374 


186 


105 




















Solvay 5,139 

Syracuse s I 137, 249 

Eastwood 810 


1,663 
30,781 


946 
14,944 


342 
7,036 






18 
320 


9 


712 


359 


190 




1,388 
78,813 
4,737 
15,074 
74,419 
1,660 
5,947 
2,375 














Troy 


15,432 

867 

2,750 

21,308 


6,554 

393 

1,226 

9,341 


4,388 274 


108 


75 


32 




202 
667 


















4,326 


340 


214 


302 


173 


Deerfield 


















WhiteSboro 

















1 Includes activities at Knowlesville and Middle- 
port. 

2 Includes activities at Sweden. 

3 Includes activities at Lynbrook, Malverne, and 
Oceanside. 

161660—20 3 



< Includes activities at Alplaus and South Schen- 
ectady. 

s Includes activities at East Sycamore and Onon- 
dago Valley. 

IncludesactivitiesatCapronand New York Mills. 



34 



WOKK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State an'l city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
Julv 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 

white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 

wives. 


New York— Continued. 


26,730 
854 


6,268 


2,798 


1,050 


165 


158 


107 


38 


















6 

81 


4 


White Plains 1 


15,949 

1,300 

79,803 

8,715 


3,898 


1,914 


777 


656 


502 


35 








26, 590 
21 


12,295 

14 


5,629 

7 


419 

35 


330 
6 
24 


255 

2 

2 

1 

21 

3 

1 


126 


North Carolina. 




North Dakota. 


1 
















5, 443 


965 


514 


301 


42 

18 


19 

S 


7 




3 












1 












7 
61 
59 


2 
14 
21 






5, 157 

3,678 

749 

137 

99 

14,331 


1,236 
1,015 


652 
530 


255 
239 


30 
31 
13 


12 




7 




8 
















Jud 


















3,200 


1,669 


1,011 


203 
15 

78 


64 
11 
29 


131 


53 




















Glen Ullin 










1 






















1,443 












5 
2 


3 










9 


5 




Heil 














4,358 


878 


426 


203 


88 

13 


33 
10 


23 


8 


Killdeer 




Kulm . 


645 




















13 

28 


11 
25 








929 








2 
























13 
25 


5 
30 


5 


1 




3,873 
343 


1,293 


739 


276 






4 
4 


2 














2 




























44 
85 


9 
37 


7 
45 


2 










23 




621 










Selz 








z:e 


6 


1 


1 
























10 


8 
















1 
2 

15 
8 
11 

2,092 














23 

48 
40 
44 

3,031 


13 

28 
13 
24 

475 


1 


Valley City 


4,606 


1,072 


540 


317 


6 




3 




3,124 

69,067 
9,410 
4,020 

15,083 

18, 266 
5,222 
8,122 
3,156 
6,621 

50,217 

865 

2,127 

14,508 


653 

13,241 

2,829 

470 

2,659 

4,710 

240 

872 

332 

1,008 

8,648 


364 

7,051 

1,723 

346 

1,606 

2,382 

114 

489 

161 

557 

5,010 


171 

2,459 
222 
129 
350 

1,108 

66 

255 

85 

237 

2,005 


7 


Ohio. 


1,204 






















54 
346 


27 




741 
29 

11 

88 


59 

7 
8 
18 


246 








2 
20 


1 




12 








1,582 


103 


422 


208 






















Chillieothe 


618 


290 


isi 


i 


2 







1 Includes activities at Elmsford, Hartsdale, Ken- 
sico, Purchase, and Valhalla. 

s Includes activities at Kannapolis. 



3 Includes activities at Medberry. 

4 Includes activities at North Industry. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



35 



Table 0. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



Ohio— Continued. 
Cincinnati » | 363,591 

Lockland 

Norwood ". 

Reading 

St. Bernard 

Cleveland 

East Cleveland 

Euclid 

Lakewood 

Ne wburg 

Royalton 

West Park 

Cleveland Heights 

Columbus 

Conneaut 2 

Payton 

Dcnnison 

Dover 

East Youngstown' 

Lowellville 

Elmwood Place 

Elyria | 14,825 

Forsvth 



560,663 
9,179 
1,953 
15,181 
5,813 
1,339 
3,179 
2,955 

181,511 
8,319 

116.577 
4,008 



4,972 
1,592 



9,939 
35, 279 
3,551 
1,300 
1,561 
15,181 
2,665 



3,916 
647 



261 

10,929 

1,540 

196 
1,192 
2,502 

595 

752 



Fremont 

Hamilton 4 

Fairfield Township 

St.. Clair Township 

Kenmore 

Lakewood 

Leetonia 

Lima 

Lisbon 

Lorain 

Martins Ferry 

Miamisburg 

Middletown 

Niles 

Painesville 

Piqua 

Bradford 

Covington 

Fletcher 

Pleasant Hill 

Troy 

West Milton 

Port Clinton 

Robins 

Salem' 8,943 

Beloit ; 510 

Washingtonville : 957 

Sanduskv 19,989 

Springfield « 46,921 

Pteubenville 22,391 

Struthers 3, 370 

Tiffin 11,894 

Toledo 168, 497 

Warren 11,081 

Wolf Run 

Woodville 

Oklahoma. 

Ada 4,349 

Adamson 

Bartlesville 7 6, 181 

Dewey 1,344 

i Includes activities at Shaker Heights. 

2 Includes activities at Amboy, East Conneaut, 
and North Conneaut. 

3 Includes activities at Hazelton. 



3,084 
28, 883 
9,133 
4,271 
13, 152 
8,361 
5,501 
13,388 
1,844 
1,848 
373 
571 
6,122 
1,207 
3,007 



Foreign- 
born 

white. 



56, 792 



195,703 
1,418 



Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



Natural- 
ize J. 



94,431 
557 



3,916 
2,010 



1,938 
911 



692 

16,285 

1,533 

13, 847 
447 



257 
S,487 

793 
7,303 

297 



3, S66 



2,814 



3,061 



1,057 
3,309 



1,709 



516 

1,703 



1,938 
375 



158 
6,216 
787 
103 
690 
1,437 
294 
379 



523 

"l,'239 



3,248 
3,156 
5,214 
1,055 
944 
32,037 
1,352 



52 
*i99' 



294 
'703 



1,590 

1,662 

3,103 

606 

455 

15,826 

667 



30 
*i28 



40,482 
397 



791 
539 



132 
4,453 

326 

3,451 

59 



107 



556 



385 
1,042 



791 
103 



61 

,496 
348 
85 
260 
399 
138 
195 



207 



234 



1,252 
916 
589 
109 
313 

8,752 
275 



Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
Julv 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 



Decla- 
rations 



S56 



6,391 



Peti- 
tions. 



446 



718 



252 



104 



276 
195 



103 
36 



1,455 



299 



2,590 



208 



35 
364 



261 
18 



115 



69 

36 

1,184 



19 
15 

147 



10 

536 

67 



Names 
furnished. 



D a e nt r " S» 
wives. 



1,153 



9,948 



25S 

4 

13 

120 



64 



5 
27 

6 
770 
135 



167 



63 
312 

20 

7 

673 

60 



567 



5,399 



35 

6 

131 

2 



3 

15 

1 

466 

92 



44 

36 
158 

10 

7 

364 

25 



1 



4 Includes activities at Coke Otto and Symmes. 
6 Includes activities at Green. 

6 Includes activities at Cold Springs. 

7 Includes activities at Smeltertown. 



36 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended, June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 

i 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Oklahoma— Continued. 


3,255 
5,330 


556 ! 
52 


305 
24 


143 
5 


11 
2 


4 














* 


2 


2 




























7 
1 


6 




2,963 

1,671 

4,582 

2,884 

1,880 

680 

225 

25,278 

64,205 

4,176 

12,474 

18,182 

2,277 

4,275 

9,599 

339 


411 ] 
1 


225 


55 






1 
















2 


6 
3 

4 


3 


973 


461 


118 




3 








4 


Phillips 




























537 
3,214 
43 | 
385 i 
412 


344 

2,122 

24 

229 

245 


117 
848 
17 
120 
105 


61 
92 

46 


10 

54 
12 


2 

72 

5 


1 




39 




2 












4 , 1 




15 

14 
264 


4 

9 
288 


5 3 


Oregon. 


340 
4,088 


206 
2,562 


120 
1,172 


3 2 




126 62 






Bend 






11 


17 


12 ! 5 






1 




1 












13 
70 
21 
46 


12 

46 
27 
16 


3 












1 


Echo 






















6 , 3 
































2,980 
207, 214 


578 

43,780 


253 

25,230 


230 
11,251 










1,870 


453 


1,420 1 658 
























14,094 


1,811 


i,l22 


462 








Taft 


















25 
21 

420 


8 
15 

154 


1 .. 














Pennsylvania. 


51,913 


6,234 


2, 705 


904 


190 

3 

116 


126 




1 




52, 127 
3,734 
5,285 
9,730 
5,205 


5,212 
138 
206 


2,757 
76 
117 


1,803 
35 

44 




201 


113 


84 





























1,973 


1,124 


202 






13 
1 


9 








1 




















3,535 
2,700 
12, 191 
12, 837 
867 


1,149 
647 

2,851 
797 


612 

337. 

1,657 

378 


277 
116 
396 
233 


1,624 


268 


75 


60 








316 


76 


21 
38 


11 




19 


















28 
405 


30 
13 


7 
130 


4 




5,357 
5,512 


365 
2,031 


218 
1,258 


43 
80 


100 












18 
64 
14 
20 
9 
6 


13 




19,357 
14,844 
20,728 
6,117 
5,250 
11,800 
9,615 
38,537 


7,299 

2,180 

3,510 

924 

930 

172 

3,356 

6, 673 


4,103 
1,046 
2,050 
454 
1,679 
87 
1,679 
3,476 


929 
600 
380 
329 
448 
60 
448 
1,137 


:::::::: 




36 




68 
243 


14 
44 


6 


Butler 


10 


Carrick Sta., Pittsburgh... 


8 






5 




2 

485 
1,045 








114 
172 


34 
390 


£| 24 




169 



1 Includes activities at Midway. 

2 Includes activities at Hammond. 

3 Includes activities at Cymbria Mines, Elmora, 
Emelgh, Garmans, Marstellar, and Saxman. 



4 Includes activities at North Bethlehem. 

5 Includes activities at Custer City, Dagolia, Der- 
rick City, Gilmer, and Lewis Run. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



37 



Table 0. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 

papers filed in v amfi , 

county from f./lfSl i 
July 1,1918, to furnished. 

June 30, 1919. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- Declar- 
tions. ants. 

i 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Pennsylvania— Continued . 
Clifton 




















5,154 

11,084 

12,845 

2,670 

5,991 

8,174 

9,331 

12,623 

5,695 

15, 727 

7,487 


1,905 
1,469 
1,587 
881 
569 
3,213 
3,989 
2,122 


1,139 

869 

793 

514 

283 

1,744 

2,105 

1,128 


263 
125 
343 
26 
114 
369 
749 
540 












108 


49 


11 


Connellsville l 




23 

8 
7 
1 


11 


Coplav 






5 









4 








1 


Dickson City 








Dubois J 


315 


107 19 


16 


Sandy Township 




Duquesne 


6,381 
3,006 


3,604 
1,588 


760 







76 


47 




560 






23 


13 










Eastona 


28,523 
823 
1,033 
1,648 
5,615 
1,167 
2,084 
3,902 
1,168 

66, 525 
5,830 


3,122 


1,452 


646 


566 


i83 


66 


36 


Glendon 




West Easton 
















Williams Township 






























168 
14 
40 
19 


101 


Eddvstone 












6 


Ellsworth 


1 








11 


EllwoodCitv* 


1,067 


686 


125 






12 


Hazel Dell 








Erie 5 


14,943 
1,668 


7,562 
958 


3,348 
359 


1,022 


272 


488 
10 
64 
30 


275 


Etna 


6 


Farrell. 




398 


92 


40 


FordCity' 


4,850 
545 


2,3i4 


256 




15 


Manorville 




























Gilberton 


5,401 
4,396 


1,859 
988 


1,076 
568 


300 










< .rirardville 


248 






2 
10 

1 


1 








9 


Greenville 


5,909 


373 


203 


88 
















Hiirrisburg 


64,186 

25,452 

5,749 

8,077 

2.968 


4,134 
5,994 

214 
1,774 

318 


1,979 

2,972 

113 

914 

134 


917 

1,457 

33 

312 

76 


224 


42 


18 

53 

9 

37 


5 


Hazleton 


35 


Indiana 


498 
661 


197 
195 


3 




26 


Jenkins Township 8 














.Tnhnsnnhnrg 


4,334 


1,079 
15,316 


584 
9,225 


134 
1,621 


130 


48 


25 
252 


10 


Johnstown 


55, 482 
1,549 
2,285 
514 
2,102 
6,626 


160 


Conemaugh 








Dale 
















Ferndale 
















Franklin.. . 
















Kane 


1,120 


561 


346 






8 


4 


Kelavres 








Kittaning 


4,311 
47, 227 


353 
3,203 
3,154 
1,254 


195 

1,472 

1,833 

750 


77 

1,028 

325 

205 


257 
24 
161 
105 


74 
13 

88 
25 


2 1 
13 5 




8,321 
19,240 

1,787 
3,538 
5,316 


24 17 


Lebanon 9 


29 17 


North Cornwall Town- 




South Lebanon 














Lehighton 


344 


209 


67 






4 3 


Locust Gap 










5,426 
3,662 
42, 694 
1,895 
7,410 
1,978 
1,568 


1,750 

1,439 

12,631 


973 

829 

6,551 


342 
344 

2,548 






















238 153 










E lizabeth Township 

Port Vue 









































1 Includes activities at South Connellsville. 
■ Includes activities at Big Run and Falls Creek. 
3 Includes activities at Redington. 
* Includes activities at Wurtemburg. 
6 Includes activities at Lawrence Park and Wes- 
leyville. 



6 Includes activities at Cadogan. 

7 Includes activities at Grapeville and Penn 
Manor. 

8 Includes activities at Inkerman. 

9 Includes activities at Lebanon Independent 
Borough. 



38 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table 0. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Pennsylvania— Continued. 


14, 702 


6,068 


3,617 


632 






18 


11 












1,244 
7,861 
3,159 












20 


14 




1,492 
1,123 


738 
590 


476 
199 






























11,775 

7,974 

7,598 

644 

17,532 
4,241 
5,812 
3,860 
3,338 

18, 877 


5,475 


3,2i6 


462 






84 


62 


Rostraver Township 








1,487 


795 


272 






37 


29 










4,927 
672 

1,107 
853 
500 

7,187 


2,727 
328 
563 
376 
363 

3,923 


1,286 

270 

219 

117 

21 

1,935 






13 

10 
62 


2 








9 








45 












35 


18 


11 
39 
66 

5 
93 
42 
65 

6 
41 

6 
12 

2 
5,463 
2,517 


4 




29 








47 




8,329 
36,280 

7,707 
27,875 

1,353 
11,324 


865 
8,620 
2,376 
4,015 


482 
4,707 
1,389 
1,691 


148 

1,326 

227 

477 






3 




316 


110 


66 




22 




199 


73 


43 




4 


Old Forge 


5,168 


2,741 


897 






31 








2 




4,338 


1,216 


656 


325 






10 








1 




1,549,008 

533,905 

2,592 

6,223 


382, 578 

140,436 

225 

656 


167,072 

70, 148 

101 

261 


69, 415 

28, 797 

82 

136 


9,440 
6,406 


5,484 
2,545 


2,895 




1,412 




























18, 713 


7,068 


3,942 


85 






















16, 996 

20,236 

2,954 

1,045 

96,071 

6,455 

6,346 

129, 867 

19,588 

15,270 

3,634 


5,498 

2,133 

805 


2,918 

1,142 

396 


1,412 
457 
146 






22 


16 












2,607 


366 


36 


26 








8,812 
1,827 

780 

35, 112 

2,788 

3,819 

892 


4,528 
1,103 

431 

17,461 

1,517 

2,249 

543 


1,430 
243 
208 

7,930 

867 

519 

72 


682 


153 


1,188 
8 

18 

725 

32 

52 

3 


906 


St. Clair 


6 








8 




1,280 


845 


466 




5 








39 








2 












25, 774 
19,973 
14,246 


10,452 
8,362 
4,667 


5,942 
4,423 
3,018 


1,750 

655 

• 326 
















192 
19 


117 








11 












13,770 
9,462 
7,414 
3,702 
9,060 
5,133 
8,533 
1,959 
13,344 
11,080 
4,715 


284 

753 

1,677 


135 
392 
892 


70 
203 
337 


1,101 


177 


11 

4 
57 


2 




3 








29 


East Deer Township 








3,369 
2,361 
1,554 


1,796 

1,213 

805 


652 
545 
452 






28 
33 
4 
4 
14 
26 
10 


13 








27 




41 


30 


1 


Trafford City 


1 




1,447 
2,035 
1,556 


717 
951 
802 


243 
583 
282 


481 
74 


245 
2 


8 




12 




10 












955 
31, 860 












2 

34 




Williamsport 6 


2,332 


1,153 


723 


64 


17 


20 



1 Includes activities at Courtney, Hazelkirk, 
Millsville, Manown Mines, and Sunny Side. 

2 Includes activities at Diamondtown, Keiser, 
and Kulpmont. 

3 Includes activities at Moorewood and Standard. 



* Includes activities at Germantown. 
s Includes activities at Creighton, Grassmere, and 
Hite. 
6 Includes activities at Newberry. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



39 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or totcns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Populat 


ion, 1910. 


1 Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 

furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 

1 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Pennsylvania— Continued . 


67, 105 
1,396 


16,078 


7,899 


3,754 


862 


408 


122 
26 
104 

48 


76 




14 












57 


Rhode Island. 














24 


Bristol 


8,565 

7,878 

22,754 

5,848 

21,107 

10, 107 


2,951 
2,454 
10,664 
1,346 
5,674 
3,678 


1,203 
1,090 
4,391 
543 
2,646 
1,569 


419 

528 
1,870 

217 
1,310 

787 














18 
185 

40 
123 

34 


11 


Central Falls 






110 




145 


HI 


24 


Cranston 


89 








18 












9,825 
27, 149 
1,175 
1,708 
2,681 


4,181 
6,256 


1,687 
2,925 


780 
1,672 






2 
142 


1 


Newport 


7 


27 


67 






















Portsmouth 


770 


384 


74 
















8 
1,276 






224,326 
15,808 
5, 935 


76,303 
3,380 
2,313 


32,863 

1,595 

981 


12,988 
681 
379 


2,333 


1,625 


836 


East Providence 




Johnston 










Valley Falls 






14 

82 

17 

103 

31 
1 
3 

75 
5 
8 


9 


Warren 


6,585 

8,696 

38, 125 

58,333 
26,319 
17,517 

10, 753 
686 


2,393 
2,347 
16, 539 

2,404 
446 
143 

1,865 


1,011 

985 

6,540 

1,282 
227 
86 

897 


383 

410 

2,300 

678 
103 
40 

509 






59 


Westerly 3 






12 




51 

56 
1 


7 

41 
2 


59 


South Carolina. 
Charleston 


3 


Columbia 




SDartanburg 


1 


South Dakota. 
Aberdeen 


104 
26 
30 
20 
37 


22 
20 
6 
5 
17 


43 


Bison < 


4 


Flandreau 








6 


Hayti 












Huron 


5,791 
263 

8,392 
2% 
591 

1,177 
14,094 


822 


498 


216 


20 
6 
23 


11 


Irene 


3 


Lead ' 


2,336 


1,447 


547 


63 


25 


9 


Central 




Terraville 
















Terry 
















Sioux Falls 


2.21.-) 


1,119 


658 


170 
17 
28 
31 

88 
41 

6 

12 
100 

57 
15 
12 
1 
17 
32 
35 
148 
4 


45 
8 
5 

8 

38 
26 

8 
38 
18 
9 
6 
8 
15 
18 
17 
60 
4 


82 


36 


Sisseton 




Vermillion 


3,187 
3,787 

131,105 
110,364 












Yankton 


791 

6,467 
2,992 


355 

3,403 
1,435 


248 

1,664 
951 


14 

111 
34 

4 
9 
19 
12 


3 


Tennessee. 


65 


Nashville 


23 


Texas. 




Amarillo 


9, 957 
20,640 


551 
1,279 


342 

707 


93 
387 


2 


Beaumont 


6 


BelMlle 


9 


Belton 












Brownsville 


10,517 


3,412 


1,082 | 


347 


6 


4 


Caldwell 




Cameron 


3,263 

8,222 

3,109 

92, 104 


99 

1,094 

260 

5,219 


55 

480 

120 

2,811 


18 

219 

59 

1,504 


6 
12 

5 
88 
2 


3 


Corpus Christi 




Cuero 


3 


Dallas 


58 


Bel Rio 




Donna 












Eagle Pass 


3,536 


13,31 


398 


99 


11 | 


7 


7 









1 Includes activities at Harrisville, Mapleville, 
and Mason vi He. 

2 Includes activities at Ashton, Lonsdale, Man- 
ville, and Valley Falls. 

3 Includes activities at Ashaway, Bradford, and 
Stonington. 



4 Includes activities at Ada, Bisby, Cash, Coal 
Springs, Date, Glendo, Haynes, Hettinger, lever, 
I odgepole, Moreau, Pleasant Ridge, and Whitney. 

'■> Includes activities at Trojsn. 



40 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table 0. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Populat 


on, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 

white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 

dates' 

wives. 


Texas— Continued . 
El Paso 


29, 279 
5,669 


14,248 
111 


4,640 
63 


988 
35 


123 
15 
31 

155 
2 

154 
34 


1,977 
15 
9 
335 
4 
103 
24 


84 
6 
3 

79 

6 

139 

2 


50 




2 




3 


Fort Worth 


73,312 


4,309 


2,541 


963 


39 




6 




36, 981 
3,0% 
3,139 


6,164 
149 
286 


3,503 
80 
148 


1,962 
35 
63 


41 




2 












2 
34 














62 


19 


11 




























1 


1 




















78,800 


6,318 


3,466 


1,754 


255 


134 


140 


80 






Laredo 


14, 855 
2,945 


7,330 
218 


2,341 
102 


387 
13 


19 

4 


8 

1 


1 
3 






1 


































8 


2 


1 

1 
































New Braunfels 


3,165 
10,482 


676 
325 


354 
182 


106 

67 


6 

5 


3 
3 


5 

4 


3 


Palestine 


3 








7,663 


783 


582 


267 






39 


3 






























96,614 


14,407 


7,354 


3,114 


333 


152 


342 
3 


144 




1 


















































11 


9 
































6 


4 


















Taylor 


5,314 


577 


199 


109 






13 
2 


9 


























Victoria 


3,673 


329 


156 


98 


29 

22 


11 
22 


3 

1 

31 

7 

1 

119 

2 

11 

494 


1 


Wharton 




Utah 










17 




7,522 
4,057 

25,580 
3,439 
8, 925 

92, 777 


1,518 
1,303 
4,454 
725 
1,227 
19,035 


656 
703 

2,103 
394 
532 

8,675 


399 
236 

1,130 
307 
231 

4,335 


28 


12 


3 






Ogden 


155 

9 

22 

712 


20 

5 

14 

309 


56 


ParkCity 


1 


Provo 


9 




271 






Vermont. 
Bellows Falls 


4,883 

8,698 

1,943 

20,468 

13,546 

4,879 

29, 494 

67,452 

24, 127 

33, 190 

127,628 

38, 874 

3,849 

1,928 


996 
1,103 


503 

470 


219 
365 


4 

7 
5 


4 


4 
3 






3 


Bethel 






3,938 
1,767 

60 

450 

3,564 

388 

1,115 

4,085 

770 

19 


1,505 
807 

39 

250 

1,820 

200 

604 

2,040 

414 

12 


930 
498 

27 
130 
931 

69 
349 
943 
212 
6 


54 
33 

2 

11 

350 

2 

10 
65 
15 


40 








20 


Virginia. 


6 

12 

685 


1 

114 






7 




54 




2 








2 




98 

21 


444 
9 


32 




6 

















Includes activities at Virginia Heights. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



41 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Populat 


on, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
countv from 
July 1,'1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


Washington. 


13,660 
24,298 
2_, 051 
2,289 
396 


5,154 
5,152 


3.627 
2,818 


1,255 
1,439 






231 

149 

23 

15 

2 

6 

39 

3 

21 


93 




237 


96 


69 




14 


Blaine 









9 




• 






1 










5 












26 








17 


10 


2 


Cle Elum. .. 


2,749 


1,145 


705 


207 


6 








o 


















::::::::::::::::: 


















o 
1 




























Ellensburg 


4,209 


499 


329 


204 


149 


53 


9 


4 














14 
142 


10 


Everett 2 


24,814 




5, 472 


3,294 


1,673 


320 


156 


71 














































8,171 


2,407 


1,613 


480 






90 


39 




















3 
11 
10 
17 


2 












8 












3 




1,148 
748 








12 


































586 


293 


17 
30 


5 










12 














Olvmpia 


6,996 


829 


467 


289 


sS 


17 


62 


28 












65 


195 














3 

1 

19 


1 














1 




2.740 


1,003 


588 


293 






11 




3 


4 




Roslyns 


3,126 
237,194 


1,556 
60,835 


934 
36,097 


301 
16,438 


45 
5,084 


22 


4,456 


1,135 


1,398 


Shelton 






16 


6 


2 

5 

784 

517 

2 

7 

1 

32 

2 

4 

31 

3 

45 
46 


1 










4 




104,402 
83,743 


21,220 
21,463 


12,389 
12,191 


5,495 
5,808 


1,275 
1,240 


184 
780 


191 


Tacoma 


226 




2 




9,300 


1,129 


674 


345 


109 


24 


3 




1 


Walla Walla « 


19, 364 
899 


2,361 


1,239 


682 


45 


19 


21 




1 




..I 






1 













15 


West Virginia. 
Bluefield 


11,188 

22,996 

9,202 

1,200 

9,711 


1,959 

1,014 

481 


116 
543 
256 


24 
242 

112 


13 
109 
148 


11 
32 

48 


2 


Charleston 


17 


Clarksburg ? 


17 








630 


370 


127 


54 
47 


16 
15 













1 Includes activities at Franklin. 
- Includes activities at East Everett, Lowell, and 
Pinehurst. 
3 Includes activities at Glendale and Everson. 
* Includes activities at Earlington. 



5 Includes activities at Beekman, Mine No. 5, 
and Ronald. 

6 Includes activities at College Place. 

7 Includes activities at Glenn Falls, Hepzibah, 
Meadowbrook, North View, Re\-noldsville, Tin 
Plate, and Wilsonburg. 



42 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table C. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
fiscal year ended June SO, 1919, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns — 
Continued. 



State and city or town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county from 
July 1, 1918, to 
June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 


Decla- 
rations 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


West Virginia— Continued. 
Huntington 


31, 161 


514 


304 


175 


21 


4 


9 


4 


Idanav 




Jenkifijones 


















Keyser 


3,705 
1,640 
9,150 
17,842 
2,054 
2,354 


130 


56 


20 


2 
57 
57 

9 


4 

9 

26 

6 


1 
1 
18 
9 
1 
3 




Logan 




Morgantown i 


1,113 
560 


567 
278 


196 
180 


7 


Parkersburg 2 


4 


Piedmont 3 




Thomas* 








25 


16 


2 


Warwood : 










Wellsburg 6 


4,189 
2,031 
41,641 
4,976 
577 
1,899 
2,921 
3,561 


262 


122 


55 


88 


9 


52 


21 


Follansbee 




Wheeling 


5,418 
1,846 


2,679 
1,124 


1,413 
159 


422 


54 


277 


141 


Benwood 




Bridgeport 










Elm Grove 
















McMechen 


213 
227 


105 
147 


35 

16 










Williamson 


27 

132 
70 
189 
173 
81 


6 

70 
26 
79 
71 
20 


5 


3 


Wisconsin. 
Albany 




Antigo 


7,196 
16, 773 
11,594 

1,499 

15,125 

841 


1,122 
3,257 
3,475 


563 
1,573 

1,864 


874 
1,287 
1,299 


29 
65 
126 
14 
43 


24 


Appleton « 


34 


Ashland 


67 


Barron 


11 


BeloiU 


2,395 


1,307 


654 


26 


Rockton, 111 








Cary 












9 
82 

8 

1 
64 
79 
114 

5 
32 
83 


3 


Chippewa Falls « 


8,893 


2,155 


1,118 


836 


85 
72 


33 
31 


53 


Clintonville 


5 


Cold Spring 










1 


Cudahy » 


3,691 
18, 310 
18,797 


1,684 
4,245 
3,062 


901 
2,173 
1,585 


203 
1,411 
1,035 






22 


Eau Claire 


121 
233 


40 
103 


57 


Fonddu Lac 


63 




5 


Grand Rapids i° 


6,521 
25,236 
4,477 


1,152 

4,056 

942 


589 

2,078 

472 


368 

1,524 

263 


153 
142 


49 
81 


29 


Green Bay " 


56 


De Pere 




Hurley 


309 
203 


51 

98 


34 

58 

13 

1,826 

145 


17 


Janesville 


13,894 

4,717 

21,371 

30, 417 

372 


1,997 

792 

7,642 

6,043 


979 

404 

4,141 

2, 965 


646 

327 

1,401 

1,759 


35 


Kaukauna 


9 


Kenosha 12 


2,177 
162 


194 
51 


859 


La Crosse 1 3 


84 


La Crescent, Minn 




Little Chute 












11 
144 


9 


Madison n 


25,531 
1,236 
3,383' 
13,027 
14, 610 


4,174 


2,105 


1,174 


3J8 


152 


78 


Burke 




New London 


499 
2,534 
4,027 


268 
1,258 
2,059 


200 

789 

1,544 






4 
135 
45 

1 
46 
15 
38 
32 
38 


3 


Manitowoc 


239 
93 


62 
39 


109 


Marinette 

Marion 


34 
] 


Marshfield 


5,783 


1,095 


525 


298 






37 


May ville 


124 


84 


13 


Menasha 


6,081 
5,036 
8,689 


1,420 
1,258 
1,985 


661 

640 

1,027 


257 
421 
709 


36 


Menomonie 

Merrill 

Milford 


65 
95 


37 
22 


24 
22 



1 Includes activities at Sabraton and Westover. 
3 Includes activities at Belpre and South Side. 

3 Includes activities at Benyl. 

4 Includes activities at Ben Bush, Coketon, and 
Pearce. 

6 Includes activities at Beech Bottom. 

6 Includes activities at Kimberly. 

7 Includes activities at South Beloit, 111. 

8 Includes activities at Cornell and Irving. 



9 Includes activities at Fernwood, St. Francis, 
and Stormy Hill. 

10 Includes activities at Bison Village, Port Ed- 
wards Village, Rudolph, Saratoga, Seneca, and 
Siegel. 

11 Includes activities at Duck Creek. 

12 Includes activities at Pleasant Prairie and Som- 
ers. 

13 Includes activities at Onalaska and West Salem. 
» Includes activities at McFarland and Sun Prairie. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



43 



.„,, Fnrfwn-born white males of voting a-e, 1910, naturalization papers filed in 
Xf^!3£5M^, an/namesfurnished, by States and nUes or towns- 

Continued. 





1 

Foreign-born white j 
Population, 1910. males of voting 
age, 1910. 


Naturalization 
papers filed in 

county from 
July 1, 1918, to 

June 30, 1919. 


Names 
furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natural- 
ized. 

1 


Decla- 
rations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


W isconsln— Continued. 


373, 857 
707 . 


111,456 


56, 101 


26, 155 


3,084 


1,078 


2,924 


2,540 


Town of Greenfield 

Town of Lake 


3, 797 . 
8,737 . 
3,346 
2,925 

'"&', 734' 
3,383 


681 
413 

" 'i'iiii' 
499 


211 
203 

637" 

268 


107" 

438* 

200 


"""28' 

38 


'""26" 

16 









15 
18 
30 


12 


Montello 

Montreal 


12 
24 








2 










33,062 ' 
3,792 

38,002 i 

5,637 j 

3,968 , 

562 


889 

12,509 

1,366 

708 


534 

6,590 

753 

381 


251 

2,834 

336 

258 


48 ; 
934 
32 | 


26 

227 

15 


13 

778 
12 
19 


7 




435 




6 




15 










Sheboygan » 


26,398 

884 

902 ! 

6,092 

3,973 

8,692 

40,384 

4,850 

""3^836" 
8,829 
8,740 
16,560 
889 
6,645 
1,458 








867 


182 


593 


361 


Mosel 












24 

3 

32 

739 

26 

24' 

17 
59 
65 


21 




2,008 
425 

1,712 

13, 772 

836 

"" 1*158* 
1,949 
1,548 
3,918 


1,124 
199 
856 

8,201 
461 

631* 

914 

291 

1,920 


377 
117 
516 
2,735 
117 

438* 

608 

218 

1,310 


80 
91 
994 


28 
38 
211 


3 




24 




301 




22 


Two Rivers * 

Waldo 


lis" 


37" 


ii 

11 




191 
131 


52 
51 


39 




53 






Schofield 


2,420 


1,491 


386 






! * 

5 
9 
35 
29 
23 
30 




West Allis 

West Milwaukee 

Westfield 




::;*""" 


i 


Wyoming. 














2 
4 




2,639 
11,320 


561 

1,751 


968 


470 


79 


24 


7 

15 




5 
20 




1,892 












1 




319 
843 
696 

""8," 237 
975 








124 

43 

15 


46 

9 

8 
6 
27 
81 
50 
5 


24 

23 

3 


10 
8 


Kemmerer 6 

Diamondville 

Koor 


'""i,"i53 


713 


378 




4,256 

5,778 
8,408 


794 

2,684 

809 


1,654 
540 




73 


9 
94 
25 

14 


3 
47 




272 | 161 
6 


11 




11 




34,970,686 


8, 930, 642 


4,433,654 


1,883,743 291,648 ! 94,253 .225,159 


108, 395 



RECAPITULATION. 



United States proper. 
Cities listed 



Balance. 



91,972,266 

34,970,686 



57,001,580 



13,345,545 
8,930,642 



4, 414, 903 



6,646,817 
4,433,654 



2,213,163 



3,034,117 
1,883,743 



1,150,374 



346, 827 
291,648 



55, 179 



107,559 I 

94,253 1225,159 



13, 306 



108, 395 



1 includes activities at Lakeside. 

2 Includes activities at Canton and Hauger^ 

• Includes activities at Howard Oroveand Koliier. 
< Includes activities at Rothschilds. 



3 Includes activities at Elmo and Evansville. 
J Includes activities at Conroy Elkol, Frontier, 
Glencoe, Oaklev, Quealy, and Sublet. 
7 Includes activities at South Superior. 



44 WOKK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

Reports have been received from the public school authorities 
showing the progress of the work of training and instructing the 
aliens, including those who are not candidates for citizenship as 
well as those who are. While the functions of the Division of Citi- 
zenship Training are limited to the promotion of the instruction and 
training of candidates for citizenship by the public schools, the 
functions of the public schools are in no sense so limited. Wher- 
ever a class in citizenship training has been organized by the public 
schools at the instance of this office, or otherwise, it has been thrown 
open to all adults, regardless of nationality or primary intentions 
toward American citizenship. It has not been possible to tabulate 
and arrange the reports which the school authorities have forwarded 
showing their work. The tabulation was carried on as long as the 
growing volume of the work and the limited personnel admitted. 
One hundred and sixty-six reports from as many communities are 
presented herewith. 

Table D. — Report of requests for information received from 166 public-school 
superintendents as to English and citizenship classes for the foreign-born 
conducted during school year 1918-19. 

Number of classes established : 

Day 68 

Evening 772 

Total 840 

Maximum enrollment : 

Men 11,854 

Women 2,733 

Unclassified 1,287 

Total 15,874 

Number below 31 years : 

Men 4,847 

Women < 1,212 

Total 6,059 

Number from 31 to 50 years : 

Men 3,131 

Women 567 

Total 3,698 

Number from 51 to 60 years: 

Men 295 

Women 57 

Total 352 

Number above 60 years : 

Men 85 

Women 46 

Total 131 

Number age unclassified 5, 634 

Average length of term : 4 months. 

Number of sessions each week : Majority report 3 sessions a week. 

Hours per session : Majority report 2 hours per session. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



45 



NATIONALITIES. 



Albanians 44 

Americans 639 

Armenians 19 

Australians 108 

Austrian Poles 41 

Alsatians 2 

Belgians 22 

Bohemians 13 

Brazilians 5 

Bulgarians , 10 

Bukowinans 1 

Canadians 133 

Chileans 1 

Chinese 3 

Croatians 20 

Czecho-Slovaks 31 

Danes 11 

English 106 

Esthonians 10 

Finns 206 

French 637 

Galicians 2 

Germans 341 

Greeks 286 

German Russians 573 

Hollanders 32 

Hungarians 221 

Hindoos 1 



Irish 60 

Italians 1, 499 

Icelanders 14 

Japanese 3 

Lit huanians 133 

Moravians 1 

Mexicans 70 

Norwegians 42 

Negroes 4 

Poles 1, 29-4 

Portuguese 684 

Roumanians 64 

Russians 292 

Russian Poles 28 

Ruthenians 1 

Scandinavians 7 

Scotch 17 

Serbians 22 

Slavs 167 

Slovaks 4 

Spaniards 62 

Swedes 116 

Swiss 2 

Syrians 55 

Turks 8 

Tyrolese 2 

Ukrainians 13 

Welsh 3 



NUMBER NOT SPECIFIED. 

Afghans. Egyptians. Macedonians. 

Argentinians. Filipinos. New Zealanders. 

Bavarians. Indians. Porto Ricans. 

British West Indians. Jugoslavs. Prussians. 

Cubans. Koreans. Panamanians. 

Czechs. Luxemburgers. South Africans. 

Dalmatians. Magyars. 

Danish West Indians. Montenegrins. 

Total number students enrolled as indicated in 166 reports 15. S74 

Students whose nationalities are given 8. 209 

Students whose nationalities are not given 7,665 

Number of citizenship classes in the 166 places : 

Day classes 68 

Evening classes 77l! 

Total classes 840 

An examination of these will disclose most significant facts. 
Those attending these classes are, in point of numbers: First, 
Italians; second, Poles; third, Portuguese; fourth, Americans; fifth, 
French; sixth, German-Russians. Over 4 per cent of those in attend- 
ance upon these classes are illiterate Americans of adult age. They 
have come to the only source that has ever been open to them for 
securing education in company with adults, at such hours as their 
work would admit. Previously, if they were to acquire the ability to 
read and write in our language they must subject themselves to an at- 
tendance in classes in company with children. The organization 
of the public schools for the promotion of the training of the 
foreign born in his coming responsibilities of citizenship has pro- 
vided the means by which the adult illiterate American may over- 



46 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

come the deficiency in his mental training caused by the vicissitudes 
of his life during his tender years. In these classes are to be found 
American women seeking an education in the common school studies 
along with native men and men and women of all other nationalities. 
Out of the 78 nationalities reported, American citizens were fourth 
in point of numbers attending. 

Another feature of this "work as presented by these figures is the 
large number in attendance 31 years of age and upward. More than 
40 per cent of those classified by age were shown to be 31 and over, 
while over 1 per cent were upward of three score years of age. Among 
these latter were many interesting instances of determination to ac- 
quire an intelligent American citizenship. One case in particular 
will suffice. This student was of the Czecho-Slovakian nationality, 
was G6 years of age, a grandfather with grandchildren in the mili- 
tary service of our country, and knew nothing of our language. He 
attended the night schools in St. Paul, Minn., and was affectionately 
referred to as the " granddaddy " of the class. With the close of the 
school year he had acquired a speaking vocabularty of nearl} T 600 
words in English, and had learned to read and write. What is true 
of the public schools of St. Paul is true of those of hundreds of other 
cities and small communities, for which there is no space in a report 
of this nature to make detailed mention. 

The theories that the learning of a language is to be confined to 
the early period of life, or may be accomplished only by the most in- 
tellectual in the later period of life, have been shown to be fallacious. 
If the personnel of the division were adequate it would be possible 
to show the detailed enrollment, the maximum attendance, the num- 
ber of men and women attending the thousands of classes, to classify 
and group them by ages and by nationalities, to show the length of 
their residence in the United States, to show their family conditions, 
the vocations which they pursue, the new vocations which their edu- 
cation enables them to engage in, the period of residence prior to 
the declaration of intention, the portion of the seven-year period 
elapsing after the declaration of intention was made, the causes 
which led to the deferring of the declaration of intention and of the 
petition, the influences which brought them into the public schools, 
and the causes in their environment which delayed them in taking the 
step toward American citizenship. In short, if the means were pro- 
vided for the Division of Citizenship Training it would be possible 
for the director to report an analysis of the foreign population with 
its relation to the acquisition or nonacquisition of citizenship, which 
would enable those earnestly desirous of dealing fairly with this 
problem from the viewpoint of the Nation, as well as the individual, 
to do so. Such information would contribute to the general under- 
standing of the foreigner, and permit of an enlightenment of the 
public upon this most vital of all questions of human contact. It 
would open avenues of understanding and of interchange of thought 
between the native and the foreign members of our society such as 
can not be accomplished through any other means. Such legislation 
as will accomplish this is strongly recommended. 

There is no other branch of the Government that has this broad 
contact and no other branch of the Government' that has the pos- 
sibilities for national good. The means to accomplish this should be 
forthcoming. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 47 

All who receive American, citizenship through the public schools 
and the courts working jointly with the Federal Government 
should receive legal evidence of their American citizenship. This 
is now given only to the petitioner who is admitted to citizenship. 
It should also be given to the wife and the children born abroad 
who acquire American citizenship. Those who receive citizenship 
through this means should be required to appear publicly and 
subscribe to the oath of allegiance prescribed by the naturalization 
laws and regulations. Citizenship should not be given to them until 
they are qualified. The public schools offer the means through which 
they all may be qualified. This is particularly vital to the Nation in 
view of the approaching universal suffrage. Under the operation 
of the present law the failure of a wife to comprehend the English 
language does not prevent her from becoming a citizen. 

DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP. 

As has been shown heretofore in the reports of this bureau and of 
the Secretary of Labor, but 75 per cent of the applicants have been 
qualified for admission to citizenship. This is true, notwithstand- 
ing substantially all of the applicants are men who have had such 
opportunities to better themselves and acquire a knowledge of our 
language and of our institutions of Government and to adopt Amer- 
ican customs as their environments permitted. They have not been 
passing their lives within the four walls of their homes; they have 
had a much greater opportunity for contact with the American pub- 
lic than the foreign-born women. The husband may have gone to 
the public schools of his community and acquired a practical equip- 
ment not only of our language, but of such character as is attained 
through what is usually called a " common-school education." Be- 
cause he has acquired these qualifications for American citizenship 
he may be admitted. His admission to citizenship confers a like 
right upon his wife to exercise the franchise to-day in those States 
where suffrage is universal. To-morrow when that right is acquired 
b}' all, the conferring of citizenship upon the wife will also enfran- 
chise her. Should the citizenry of the country be increased in this 
manner, and should the franchise be so extended? 

Generally the foreign-born women reside in an atmosphere and an 
environment that are wholly foreign. They have no opportunity, 
as a rule, to come into any sort of contact with American thought. 
They are as though they had never left their European homelands 
and were still in their native cities and towns. However much their 
condition of ignorance of our language, customs, or governmental 
institutions may be in evidence, they are nevertheless clothed with 
full American citizenship upon the naturalization of their husbands. 
With naturalization they acquire the right of franchise. There are 
approximately 2,000,000 women who will receive citizenship through 
the naturalization of their husbands within the next few years, and 
the addition of such a large number of citizens who know nothing 
whatsoever of their responsibilities presents a grave problem and 
one which should be given the most attentive consideration by the 
legislative body. It would seem to be advisable to have some re- 
strictive measure provided in the admission to citizenship that would 
condition the admission of a married man to the responsibilities of 



48 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

citizenship upon the qualifying of his wife. This restrictive pro- 
vision should be an educational qualification ; as no other organiza- 
tion than the public-school systems of this country presents the means 
for the qualification of women for these responsibilities, the restric- 
tion would not be one that would work a hardship. This can clearly 
be seen when it is appreciated that practically the moment the alien 
declares his intention to become a citizen word is sent to him and his 
wife, if he be married, of the desire of the Government to further 
their interests in becoming American citizens. No hardship, there- 
fore, need be feared as a consequence of such legislative enactment, 
since the public schools are now virtually organized throughout the 
county for the distinct purpose of caring for these members of our 
adult population. 

This question has been given mature consideration by certain 
courts in the country, where the judges have realized the relationship 
of the subject of naturalization to the franchise and appreciated the 
danger which the problem presents. The accompanying order of 
court has been entered in the circuit court for Baker County, in the 
State of Oregon : 

IN THE MATTER OF FINAL HEARINGS ON PETITIONS FOR NATURALIZATION. 

It appearing to the court that before an applicant for citizenship can under- 
standingly take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and 
of this State a general knowledge of the provisions of those instruments is 
essential ; and it appearing that no person can intelligently be well disposed 
and attached to our Government without knowledge of its character and 
functions as a government by law and its duties, aims, and purposes as a 
democracy; and it appearing essential to good citizenship that the individual 
should have full appreciation of the privileges, rights, and benefits acquired, 
the trust assumed, and the corresponding duties and obligations accepted 
by becoming a citizen of the United States, and that to that end the citizen 
should realize what American ideals are, what Americanism is, and what it 
means to become an American, and that he should as far as reasonably pos- 
sible fairly understand the principles upon which our Government is founded 
and the methods whereby those principles are sustained and the laws there- 
under enacted and carried into effect ; 

And it further appearing that many who would become useful citizens and 
in all things worthy have been hampered and delayed by reason of not being 
familiar with the language and customs of the country, and that such persons 
may need assistance in acquiring the aforementioned essential knowledge, 
and that to that end and to aid and assist such persons therein the Government 
of the United States, through act of Congress, May 9, 1918, appropriated 
funds for the publication of a textbook on citizenship for free use of those 
who desire to so qualify, and that such textbook has been published and that 
copies thereof are now in the hands of the county school superintendent 
of Baker County, Oreg., ready for distribution to candidates for citizenship, 
and that the teachers of the public schools and also said superintendent are 
willing to assist such applicants free of charge ; 

And it further appearing that when married men become citizens their 
wives become so also by virtue of the marriage relation, and that it is 
therefore important that when a married man becomes a citizen his wife 
should also be qualified for the like duties of citizenship: It is therefore 

Ordered, That the clerk of this court be, and hereby is, directed to inform 
each applicant upon the filing of the declaration or petition of the afore- 
mentioned facts and requirements, and to hand such applicant a copy of this 
order, with directions to become familiar therewith, and that such applicant 
may apply to said county school superintendent for a copy of said textbook 
and for suggestions and directions as to method of study and as to the teacher 
from whom assistance may be had ; 

It is further ordered, That each applicant who is a married man is hereby 
directed to inform his wife of the foregoing provisions and to qualify with 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 49 

him for such citizenship, and that, unless for sufficient cause shown to the 
court it is otherwise ordered, the wife of each married man shall attend 
court with her husband at the time of the final hearing upon his petition for 
admission to citizenship of the United States. 
Done in open court this 27th day of May, 1919. 

Gustav Anderson, Judge. 

Somewhat similar action has been taken in various other courts. 
In one judicial district comprising eight counties of New York 
State the supreme court has required that the wife of the petitioner 
appear in court with the petitioner at the time of the final hearing. 
In other places the question has been considered and various steps 
taken. The reports show that some judges have required a rather 
complete knowledge of our language and form of government. Some 
of the tests have been such as merely to show that the wife could 
speak English, knew the name of the President, and the number of 
years of his term of office, and other elementary details. Con- 
tinuances of cases have occurred where dense ignorance of the Eng- 
lish language is demonstrated by simple questions, such as " Where 
do you live?" and " How many children have you? " Upon failure 
to comprehend these questions the conferring of citizenship has been 
deferred to a later period. 

Of course, in considering the question of the appearance of the 
wife some difficulties have been encountered. In numbers of cases 
sickness of either the wife or the children, domestic duties at the 
hour of the hearing, the necessity for bringing small children into 
court or leaving them in the custody of others, represent some of the 
principal difficulties to the easy observance of this requirement of 
the courts. In the opinion of one of the judges it is well to have 
the women appear in court, if for no other reason than that it 
takes them out of their homes and gives them some idea of what our 
Government in its actual operation means. After their experiences 
under these circumstances, even though it be accompanied by some 
sense of nervousness, the consensus of opinion appears to be that 
such a requirement is not only wholesome in its effect but quite 
necessary. 

Since the local educational authorities are both willing and anxious 
to afford these women as well as their husbands every educational 
facility and opportunity, a requirement of an educational nature for 
admission to citizenship would not seem to be unjust. Certainly 
if for the mere admittance to the shores of this country educational 
requirements have been determined to be necessary by the legislative 
branch of the Government, it would be only consistent that an edu- 
cational requirement for the admission to that highest and most 
important of all relationships to the Government should be legis- 
latively expressed. Of far graver importance is the question of 
admission to citizenship than that of mere admission to our soil. 

JUDICIAL RECOGNITION. 

The judges of courts sitting in naturalization cases are increasingly 
realizing the advantages to the community as well as to the individual 
applicant for citizenship which the public schools a? reorganized 
under the stimulus given by this bureau now present. Announce- 
ments from the bench are occurring at almost every naturalization 
161660—20 4 



50 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

proceeding in these places that petitioners for naturalization must be 
able to read and write the English language intelligently and under- 
standing^ and have at least a fair understanding of civil government. 
They assert that if citizenship is to be valued properly by these seekers 
after the privilege, it must be something they must strive for, and that 
the time has come to refuse to confer citizenship upon illiterates, even 
though they be of undoubted loyalty. 

The following is indicative of the active interest being shown by 
the courts in promoting a higher standard for naturalization and 
encouraging preparation for citizenship through education. 

citizenship instructions. 

State of North Dakota, 

County of Traill, ss: 

In District Court, Judicial District. 

, take notice that your declaration of intention to become a citi- 
zen of the United States, made this day of , A. D. 19 — , in this 

county, judicial district, and State, gives notice to our Government that your 
intent is to fit yourself for citizenship before the time arrives to make your 
application for your final adoption. That you will in good faith inquire into 
and acquaint yourself with not only our form of government but the intent and 
purpose of its formation and the duties and responsibilities that will be yours 
if you are finally adopted. That you believe in and will at all times faithfully 
and energetically uphold the principles of our people and the various govern- 
mental agencies. That you will be prepared, at the time of hearing of your 
application for final adoption, to prove to the court before which the hearing is 
had and to the representatives of the Government of the United States then 
present that this application is made in good faith and all sincerity and with love 
and respect for the Government of Avhich you are seeking to become a part. 

Give this notice your most careful consideration and respect. 



Cleric of the District Court, Traill County, N. D. 
By order of : 



Judge of Said Court. 
WORK OF NATURALIZATION EXAMINERS. 

The work of the naturalization examiners in rendering effective the 
law authorizing the work of promoting the public schools in the 
education and training of the candidates for citizenship has been of 
the highest order of efficiency; consequently success has attended 
their efforts throughout the length and breadth of the land. During 
the past year 438 new communities pledged the organization of citi- 
zenship classes to teach the coming Americans the responsibilities 
of their new estate. Most of these were the direct results of the offi- 
cial activities of the naturalization examiners. 

In many instances it has been necessary for the examiners to ac- 
quaint the entire official family of the community with the fact that 
the Government had undertaken on a national basis the task of 
promoting instruction and training of this character by the public 
schools. It was also necessary for them in many instances to demon- 
strate that there was a foreign population of sufficient numbers in the 
community to warrant the organization of classes for their instruc- 
tion. In other places it was only necessary to offer the suggestion to 
find that the public mind was ripe for the movement, lacking only the 
impulse which the presence and support of an officer of the United 
States Government gave. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



51 



Many of these visits to the communities where foreigners live were 
made as a direct result of the filing of applications for citizenship by 
some of the resident foreigners and were made at the time of the ex- 
amination of the petitioner and his witnesses. In -others, because 
there were known to be foreigners resident in some community other 
than the county seat where the naturalization papers were filed, spe- 
cial trips were made to these communities for the purpose of arous- 
ing the local community to its responsibility to its foreign popula- 
tion, to the end that classes for teaching English and citizenship re- 
sponsibilities to adults must be organized. The number of visits and 
the character of them are shown in the following table : 

Table E. — Brief partial summary of educational work accomplished by field 
employees of Bureau of yaturalkation from July 1, 1918, to May, 1919. 







6m 






Interviews with — 




.2 


£"8 

2^ 


3 

o 






•51 














£ 


<o"2 ,x 
















OT 




3 








E 
s 


fit 

3 




o 

a 
% 


a> £ o 


E 


District. 


CO 

> 

3 
.0 


.2 "3 
-^ S: 

at 3 

- -± 
3 2 




B 

9 

e 


o 

CO 

a 
<2 
a 
•ti 

o 


§ 

s 

£ 
3-. 

-^ co 

§ c 


c 
§6 

C3 O 




3 
3 o 

•2 o 


£5 O op 

oo - <— 

.2 .2 o 


o 
8 ° 




a 
3 

■a 


w C 

•-.2 


"3 


o 

c 


| 


"3 >> 


u. o 
S.2 


C3 
O 


ca o 




CO 

5 a 




a 


> 


Eh 


w 


Q 


S 


o 


S 


U 


O 


Z 




90 

30 

12 

18 


20 

3 105 

166 

586 


110 
105 
178 
604 


126 
194 
171 
400 


5 

6 

38 

205 


7 

45 

6 

165 




23 

93 

525 


138 

268 

308 

1,295 


12 
60 
97 
167 


2 
( 4 ) 
4 
51 


10 




22 




10 




14 


Pittsburgh^ 


213 


150 


363 


380 


34 


165 


127 


706 


17 


22 


!£ 


Chicago 


155 


73 


228 


212 


170 


368 


250 


1,000 


116 


28 


24 


St. Louise 


143 


130 


273 


503 


116 


206 


1,083 


1,908 


234 


31 


13 


St. Pauls 


300 


850 


1,150 


1,400 


700 


850 


2,300 


5,250 


1,150 


150 


10 


Denver 


232 


114 


346 


420 


54 


104 


202 


780 


o4 


K 


5 




479 
102 


223 
139 


712 
241 


296 
338 


109 
63 


135 

17 


1,517 
428 


2,057 
846 


50 
35 


54 

58 


8 


Seattle 


10 


Total 


1,744 


2,566 


4,310 


4,440 


1,500 


2,068 


6,548 


14, 556 


1,992 


468 


139 



i Not in relation to rendering aid to file naturalization papers, but in securing cooperation in getting em- 
ployees to attend school. 
J Includes chief naturalization examiner.-;. 

3 Educational work always taken up on regular naturalization trips. 

4 Impossible to state. 

' Figures not complete. 

5 Estimated. 

This table does not include many visits by examiners for the pur- 
pose of examining students who are candidates for citizenship to 
ascertain their qualifications for admission to citizenship and the 
receipt of the certificate of graduation. Notwithstanding the large 
number of visits made and territory covered by the examiners on 
educational work during the period covered, it is a fact that prior to 
the period their work was almost as completely exacting. There has 
been an increase in the work due to the specific provisions of the act 
of May 9, 1918. making it the duty of the bureau to promote the train- 
ing and education by the public schools. This has caused urgent calls 
to be received by the examiners, and necessitated special visits solely 
upon educational business. 

This table also does not include many interviews with employers of 
foreign-born labor tending to aid the employers in rendering assist- 



52 WOKK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

ance to the employees in securing their naturalization at a minimum 
expenditure of time and expense both to the employees and the em- 
ployers. This instruction and aid has prevented the loss of em- 
ployees' services to the employer, and has removed the employees 
from the hands of persons who were charging them for such and 
similar services. This work has" steadily increased, and the demands 
upon the service have correspondingly grown, as a result of the estab- 
lishment in upward of 1,200 industrial plants of committees, whereby 
the applications for citizenship have been greatly increased. 

The increase in school facilities for adult foreigners has been a 
great factor in the increase in the educational work. In Detroit, 
where all facilities possible are being provided, the community has 
been organized as a unit upon the work of promoting the public 
schools and supporting them in their teaching of citizenship to the 
foreigner. Responding to the demand, an examiner was sent to De- 
troit to explain to representatives of industrial concerns the details 
regarding the filing of naturalization papers. Representatives of 
62 industrial concerns, employing 25,000 nondeclarant foreign-born, 
were fully instructed by him in this work in five days, with the result 
that arrangements were made with the courts for taking the declara- 
tions of intention and filing the petitions for naturalization of these 
foreigners. This was made possible only by providing facilities for 
filing upward of 500 declarations of intention a day and a corre- 
sponding number of petitions. 

In Chicago the recent increase in the naturalization work amounted 
to 60 per cent over the period from 1913 to 1916. This increase 
is due largely to the organization of the city to meet the foreign 
problem. In addition to having the instruction in industrial plants 
in the preparation of the declarations of the employees, schools were 
organized in the industrial plants under the supervision of the public- 
school authorities. 

Some of the experiences of these devoted servants of the public — 
the naturalization examiners — will illustrate the different courses 
adopted in effecting the organization of these classes. 

At Hillsboro, 111., the examiner conferred with a number of the 
prominent citizens upon the subject of the organization of classes 
for teaching the candidate for citizenship English and civic responsi- 
bilities. The consensus of opinion of these citizens was that the 
field offered by Hillsboro was insufficient for these classes, but that 
efforts should be concentrated upon Taylor Springs, 3 miles from 
Hillsboro. In a conference held with Mr. H. J. Beckemeyer, super- 
intendent of schools of Hillsboro, it was ascertained that lie had for 
some time contemplated the organization of classes for adult for- 
eigners. His interest in the subject was found to be very great, 
coupled with the conviction that there were several of his teachers 
who would be willing to unite with him in the effort. The confer- 
ence further disclosed that, although there might not be a great 
many aliens residing within the corporate limits of Hillsboro, from 
the adjacent settlement known as Schram City and from Hillsboro 
a sufficient number of adults would certainly be found to justify the 
organization of the classes in Hillsboro. The superintendent pro- 
posed to locate the classroom near the boundary line of the two 
communities. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 53 

The subject had never been presented to the board of education of 
Hillsboro, but the superintendent was confident that the board would 
authorize the use of school buildings and the furnishing of the neces- 
sary light, heat, and probably the payment of salaries of the teachers 
required. The superintendent felt certain that if the funds were 
not available there were several teachers who would join with him 
in rendering volunteer instruction. As a result of this conference a 
survey was undertaken, with the purpose of effecting the organiza- 
tion of these classes during the summer for effective work in the fol- 
lowing school year. 

In Rockford, 111., representatives of manufacturing concerns ex- 
pressed a united desire for a 100 per cent American community. The 
expression of manufacturers throughout the country has been very 
clear in the desire to cooperate with all the local forces of the com- 
munity to the development of its Americanism to 100 per cent. While 
many have long held the idea that the foreigner should become an 
American citizen, and originally expressed this feeling as an obliga- 
tion upon the foreigner which he had been backward in assuming, 
the thought latterly found to be in most minds is that the responsi- 
bility for much of this backwardness was a national or local one 
rather than one chargeable to neglect on the part of the foreigner. 
It is now generally realized that there has never been any actual 
interest felt in the welfare of the foreigner. He was availed of by 
all for the special purpose for which each desired to make use of 
him. Application to the duties by which the foreigner makes his 
living had undoubtedly been the all-absorbing force in his life and 
in his contact with the native. Never before had there been any 
definite provision or thought taken in behalf of the foreigner to 
enable him to fit himself for the responsibilities of American citizen- 
ship. The realization was clear that time was ripe for the organiza- 
tion of the educational resources of the community so as to include 
in their field of activity the adult foreigner, regardless of his re- 
lationship to citizenship. While the activities of this service have 
been confined entirely to the promotion of the education and instruc- 
tion of candidates for citizenship by the public schools, the natural 
consequence of this activity has been the organization of these 
classes so that adults of any nationality or age, regardless of their 
attitude toward American citizenship, has resulted. 

During the last part of this fiscal year an examiner was sent to 
Detroit, Mich., to endeavor to coordinate the various forces in that 
city which were devoting time toward the education of foreign-born 
or were especially fitted to aid in this work. The purpose of this 
coordination was to embody in the final decision of the community 
the policy that the teaching of the foreign born to speak, read, and 
write our common language and to understand our democratic in- 
stitutions, and promoting friendly contact between the foreign born 
and Americans, should be recognized as deserving a more united 
effort and be included among the regular institutional activities of 
the city. Such coordination has been accomplished with success and 
w T ith excellent results in many other communities, in some of which no 
great effort had been exerted in this direction, whereas in others several 
agencies were acting. In these communities committees were organ- 
ized, including in their membership the chief executive officer, the 



54 WOKK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

judge and clerk of the naturalization court, the county and city 
superintendents of schools, representatives of industry, labor, com- 
merce, women's organizations, religious and other leaders of foreign- 
speaking peoples, patriotic societies, and others. In Detroit, as in 
practically every one of the larger cities of the United States wherein 
reside many foreign born, there have been a number of organizations 
at work. Many of these organizations have been working in the 
right direction producing results; others less so, often to the extent 
of treating Americanization more as a " fad " only to get newspaper 
notoriety for the " workers " than as an urgent, vital, civic duty ; and 
almost all more or less overlapping in their efforts. 

In order that the coordinated body in Detroit might be all-inclu- 
sive, it was necessary to hold innumerable meetings, racial gatherings, 
and larger meetings attended by representatives of widely varied 
associations and institutions before the organization took concrete 
form. 

As a result, on June 30, 1919, there was created an organization 
entitled "The Detroit Americanization Conference," whose object, 
as stated in its constitution, is " to encourage the promotion of the 
teaching and use of our common language ; the promotion of friendly 
contact between all of the elements of the community, both foreign 
born and native born; to enlist all individuals and organizations 
which can assist the promotion of the purposes of this conference and 
the general welfare of this community ; to avoid duplication of effort ; 
to promote efficiency and give every individual and organization an 
opportunity for patriotic service at home." 

The membership was divided into a number of standing depart- 
ments, or subcommittees, some of which covered finance, organization 
and coordination, publicity and speakers, superintendents and em- 
ployment managers, home visiting, schools and kindergartens, recrea- 
tion and celebrations, new American committee, depot work, commu- 
nity centers, libraries, Boy Scouts, fraternal organizations, housing, 
and health. In this way the foreign nationalities were organized 
into one unit, and the good will and enthusiasm of the American born 
toward the foreign born aroused. Such an organization at once 
presents possibilities for an approach to the various nationalities to 
secure the attendance of their nationals upon the public-school classes. 
The public schools realize keenly how much help they need in the 
development of their citizenship classes. This is particularly true 
with regard to the attendance upon these classes. It is concerted 
action, such as the Detroit Americanization Conference is able to 
furnish, that will work wonders in increasing and maintaining the 
attendance. 

That this is a community as well as a national problem has been 
recognized by Detroit, and it is now on its way toward an appropriate 
solution there. 

As another method of increasing attendance upon public-school 
citizenship classes by the foreign born, the chief naturalization exam- 
iner at Chicago sent to the superintendents of schools in the Chicago 
district a large number of slogans, prepared by way of suggestion, for 
the public schools to have the drawing classes in the grade and high 
schools, especially in every foreign-speaking community, make ap- 
propriate illustrated posters. A desirable discussion of the theme 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 55 

and design is likely to follow in the home that will impress the sub- 
ject and the slogans on the foreign born in a direct and intimate way. 
Exhibition of the best posters, publicity by placing them in neighbor- 
hood store windows, branch post offices, railroad stations, factories, 
etc., where they may be examined by relatives, friends, the foreign 
born, will undoubtedly create a subject of conversation and create a 
desire on the part of some to attend these citizenship classes. The 
largest and best selection of pesters received in response to this sug- 
gestion came from the public-school children of Grand Rapids, Mich., 
accompanied by the following letter to the chief naturalization ex- 
aminer of that district. 

Board of Education, 
Grand Rapids, Mich., June 19, 1919. 
My I >eak Mb. Wagner : In accordance with a suggestion of yours in a letter 
of last February to Supt. Greeson, of this city, the children in the art depart- 
ment of the public schools designed and made many thousands of " learn Eng- 
lish " posters. I am sending a few of these to you by parcel post. I am sorry 
I can not send you some of the best ones, but these the teachers mounted on 
stiff cardboards for exhibition purposes, and they are too heavy to send. 

I hope the posters may be of service to you even at this late date, but if not 
.just destroy them. 

Yours, very truly, 

Charlotte Wait Calkins, 

Superintendent of Art. 
partial list of posters. 

One Flag — One Language — Learn English Artist unknown. 

A Good Habit — Study — Learn English Dorothy K. 

Where Ignorance is Loss — Mend It — Learn Eng- 
lish. Florence Mitchell. 

Talk United States (map) Marion. 

Attention ! — Learn English Gertrude Nober. 

Attention — English for America — Learn English — 
Foreign Language X'd Out. Agnes Van D. Diamond. 

You Can Do Business with Americans in Ameri- 
can—Talk United States. Evelyn Williams, 13. 

Attention — Learn English Henrietta Ooesterbroek. 

English the Key to Citizenship Theodore V., Union School. 

Be on Time — Learn English Now Dorothy Ottnar. 

The Gate to Success — Learn English Russel Reigling. 

One Flag — One Language — Learn English Unknown. 

It Pays .$ to Learn English June H. 

Uncle Sam Gives You the Book to Learn English Frances Cummins. 

Sing America in American Harold Edgerle. 

It Pays Gold to Learn English Unknown. 

AGENCIES COOPERATING. 

In the communities throughout the country with the ever extend- 
ing field of activities and the increased activities locally, it would 
not have been possible to have met the public demand by the personal 
efforts of members of the naturalization service alone. In order, 
therefore, to do full justice to each of the communities the local 
organizations of various kinds were enlisted to supplement the work 
of the examiners and to continue it actively during their absence. 
Among these are the local organizations of the "War Camp Com- 
munity Service, the American Legion of Liberty, Rotary Clubs, 
Daughters of the American Revolution, Women's Christian Temper- 
ance Union, chamber of commerce, Sons of the American Revolu- 
tion, Knights of Columbus, Federation of Women's Clubs, Young 



56 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

Women's Christian Association, Municipal League, State universi- 
ties, Social Welfare League, Boy Scouts of America, Jewish Welfare 
organizations, public library organizations, Spanish American War 
Veterans, Camp Fire Girls, local chapters of the American Keel 
Cross, central labor council, Young Men's Christian Association, 
ministerial federations, Women's League for National Service, Fed- 
eral Board of Vocational Education, Minute Men, and many 
clubs of local origin, representatives of mayors, and of particular 
branches of the local municipal government that were particularly 
concerned. Both temporary and permanent organizations were 
created in many parts of the country. These organizations were 
definitely effected and plans matured for a unified action in the 
community. Under their stimulus surveys of the local task and its 
possibilities have been undertaken. Definite relations have been 
established with the Government through the representatives of this 
bureau for the conduct of the work coming within the province of 
this office. In these committees the bureau was represented by a 
member of the naturalization examining force, and through him 
the bureau participated in the development of the local activities. 
Among these places are Seattle, Wash.; Oakland, Calif.; Flint, 
Mich.; Sheboygan, Wis.; Detroit, Mich.; Chicago, and many others. 

ISOLATED COMMUNITIES. 

A further development of the force for extending to isolated 
parts of the country the facilities for the foreigner seeking citizen- 
ship to qualify has taken place. This has special reference to mining 
and logging camps and remote rural sections. This development 
has been made possible through the active support of the county 
superintendents of schools and the mining and logging companies. 

CLASSES IN CHURCHES EMBRACED. 

In one of the sections of Chicago, through the activities of the 
naturalization examiner coupled with those of a parish priest, a 
group of approximately 300 foreigners who were receiving instruc- 
tion in a foreign language upon our form of government for the 
purpose of fitting them to answer certain questions were brought 
under the supervision of the Board of Education of Chicago through 
the cooperation of Assistant Superintendent William M. Roberts, in 
charge of the night schools. 

The parish priest was approached by the representative of this 
service, who set forth the advantages to his parishioners which 
would follow their attendance upon the public-school classes with 
their broader field of education. The fact that the public schools 
would give the instruction without payment of a fee was undoubt- 
edly a feature in deciding the student body to vote unanimously to 
join the public-school classes. The parish priest agreed to furnish 
the necessary rooms for these classes, the public schools to supply 
the needed teachers. Under the arrangement previously pursued 
these foreigners had all been assembled in one vast group and Amer- 
ican institutions interpreted to them through the medium of a 
foreign tongue. Under the public schools of Chicago they were 
at once divided into three groups. The first group represented the 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 57 

beginners who had little or no understanding of English ; the second 
embraced those with an understanding of English but in need of 
instruction to perfect themselves in its use; the third represented 
petitioners for naturalization who were comparatively well versed 
in the use of American English. This segregation at once demon- 
strated the great weakness in the one common group method by 
which they were formerly instructed. By this one activity alone 
approximately 500 students were brought under the influence of the 
public schools for free education upon broad lines, and taken from 
an organization giving them but a narrow instruction in civics and 
that, too, in a foreign language, and for which they were required 
to pay a fee. Steps are under way to bring other groups within the 
reach of the public schools not only of Chicago but in other parts 
of the country. 

PACKING-HOUSE CLASSES. 

One particularly interesting development of the class organizations 
in Chicago is that which has been brought about in the stockyards 
vicinity. Three of the largest packing houses established classes for 
their foreign-born employees in conjunction with the city public- 
school authorities and the naturalization service. Others are planning 
to inaugurate similar classes, and the public schools are prepared to 
appoint teachers, with a supervisor to give his entire time to these 
citizenship classes in the stockyard district. 

WOMEN IN CLASSES. 

As a direct result of the efforts of this service, the foreign women 
are coming into the citizenship classes, which previously were attended 
only by men. This work is noted, as these classes maintained in settle- 
ments are being conducted for men and women who can not attend the 
classes in the public-school buildings, because of the distance or other 
impediments. More and more the school authorities throughout the 
country are locating schools near where the foreign born are to be 
found, rather than requiring the foreign born to come to the classes 
in the public-school buildings erected for the instruction of children. 
The plan to have classes at any place and at any hour of the day or 
night, which has been advocated by this office, is more and more being 
adopted. 

HIGHER QUALIFICATIONS REQUIRED. 

This report of an examiner is characteristic of many : 
******* 

There has been a good night school in Astoria during the past winter, and the 
benefits of the school have become very apparent in the court room there. These 
petitioners who have been in attendance usually pass a good examination, and 
those who have not attended fail to get through. The fact that good examina- 
tions are being passed by those petitioners who have attended school has led the 
court to insist on a higher qualification than heretofore. It has almost come to 
a condition in that court where a man must go to school or seek the assistance 
of teaching or he will not get his citizenship papers. Some petitioners, of 
course, of the English-speaking race, and occasionally one who is not but is 
unusually apt, qualify without the assistance of the night school. Such cases, 
however, are the exception rather than the rule. 

Judge Eakin announced several times from the bench that it would be useless 
for anyone who could not read the English language to attempt to secure citi- 
zenship in his court, adding, " * * * and you must not only read but you must 



58 



WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



oe able to read understanding^, so that you know and understand the matter 
read." The remark was based upon the action of the examiner in handing to 
numerous petitoners a ballot of the kind used at the election in Oregon on June 
8 last, at which time several proposed laws (reconstruction measures) were sub- 
mitted directly to the people of the State under referendum provisions, for adop- 
tion or rejection. The petitioner was asked to read the matter on the ballot 
pertaining to some measure. If he could read it, as soon as he had completed the 
reading, if the examiner did not, the court asked the meaning of the matter 
read ; the result of a negative or affirmative majority vote thereon. The court 
went so far as to ask the petitioners which way they would vote on the measure 
read and when they had indicated what way they felt their respective bal- 
lots would have been cast, if they had been permitted to vote at that time, 
the court sought their reason for such positions, to see if they really understood 
the measure or comprehended the meaning of its terms, admonishing each 
petitioner that a vote cast without understanding the measure voted for was 
poor citizenship and if persisted in permanently by a sufficient number of people 
was a danger and menace to the Government. At the next hearing the order 
requiring the attendance of petitioners" wives will be in effect. The requirement 
will be that the wife take and sign the oath of allegiance in open court with her 
husband if she be willing so to do, as we have been doing in the Portland 
Circuit Court for the last few months. 



Table F. 



-Naturalization papers filed in some courts in ivhose jurisdictions 
Americanization activities hare been pronounced. 



DECLARATIONS OF INTENTION. 



Court. 



U. S., Chicago, 111 

U. S., Springfield, 111 

U. S., Peoria, 111 

St., Chicago, 111. (Cir.).... 
St., Chicago, 111. (Sup.)... 

St., Waukegan, 111 

St., Ottawa, 111 

St., Rock Island, 111 

St., Joliet, 111 

St., Rockford, 111 

Cy., Aurora, 111 

Sup., Hammond, Ind 

Sup., Gary, Ind 

St., Saginaw, W. S., Mich. 

St., Shebovgan, Wis 

St., Jersey City, N.J 

St., Benton, 111 

St., Omaha, Neb 

St., Kansas City, Kans 

U. S., Philadelphia, Pa. . . . 

St., Hackensaek, N.J 

St., Paterson, N. J.. 

St., Elizabeth, N.J 

St., Wilkes Barre, Pa 

U. S., Scranton, Pa 

U.S., Newark, N.J 

St., Trenton, N.J 

U. S., Pittsburgh, Pa 

St., Ebensburg, Pa 

St., Uniontown, Pa 

St., Greensburg, Pa 

St., Erie, Pa 

St., Mercer, Pa 

U. S., Cleveland, Ohio 

St., Cleveland, Ohio 

XT. S., Cincinnati, Ohio 

TJ. S., Dayton, Ohio 

St., Elvria, Ohio 

U. S., Toledo, Ohio 

St., Toledo, Ohio 

St., Akron, Ohio 

St., Canton, Ohio 

St., Youngstown, Ohio 

U. S., Buflalo, N. Y 

St., Buffalo, N. Y 



Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


ended 


ended 


ended 


ended 


ended 


ended 


Mar. 31, 


June 30, 


Sept. 30, 


Dec. 31, 


Mar. 31, 


June 30, 


1918. 


1918. 


1918. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


570 


849 


772 


838 


2,670 


1,104 


45 


34 


50 


26 


105 


115 


69 


52 


97 


40 


196 


72 


3,721 


6,788 


3, 268 


3,436 


7,770 


3,165 


2,535 


6,355 


3,242 


5,560 


10, 673 


5,493 


43 


64 


139 


143 


420 


180 


61 


39 


70 


44 


214 


347 


126 


46 


146 


74 


350 


62 


61 


59 


108 


71 


307 


219 


198 


190 


173 


311 


477 


154 


61 


25 


120 


38 


197 


26 


130 


219 


252 


90 


473 


580 


81 


114 


150 


93 


938 


225 


79 


82 


134 


66 


155 


69 


143 


130 


86 


97 


417 


294 


888 


1,165 


1,321 


780 


1,758 


1,424 


20 


37 


45 


21 


154 


229 


254 


173 


362 


103 


777 


287 


57 


67 


170 


29 


213 


105 


757 


1,000 


829 


338 


1,195 


2,270 


160 


188 


306 


201 


473 


341 


181 


302 


210 


198 


673 


414 


741 


284 


291 


133 


460 


686 


174. 


135 


214 


70 


277 


835 


247 


139 


210 


93 


596 


278 


. 188 


147 


136 


89 


238 


1,066 


160 


159 


265 


175 


1,424 


288 


931 


851 


1,083 


466 


2,554 


2,619 


109 


124 


166 


51 


370 


1,237 


72 


54 


61 


27 


226 


169 


104 


92 


68 


39 


353 


203 


86 


94 


96 


56 


528 


342 


39 


66 


51 


17 


148 


281 


851 : 


1,760 


1,391 


529 


3,966 


2,382 


905 


1,645 


1,887 


615 


3,898 


2,390 


180 


283 


322 


114 


263 


158 


70 


99 


94 


23 


108 


51 


58 


44 


96 


45 


1,361 


1,091 


50 


43 


54 


18 


222 


216 


155 


150 


195 


95 


705 


596 


162 


436 


394 


182 


1,537 


918 


80 


111 


106 


51 


828 


599 


116 


91 


•115 1 


66 


755 


499 


172 


220 


139 


78 


361 


1,135 


685 


1,042 


701 i 


276 | 


1,869 


1,224 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



59 



Table F. — Naturalization papers filed in some courts in tuhose jurisdictions Americani- 
zation activities have been pronounced — Continued. 

DECLARATIONS OF INTENTION'— Continued. 



Court. 



St., Lockport, N. Y 

St., Mayville, N. Y 

U. S., Birmingham, Ala... 

lacksonville, Fla. . . 

U.S.. Fort Worth, Tex... 

St., Worcester. Mass 

St.. Springfield. Mass 

U. S., Hartford, Conn 

U.S., St. Louis, Mo 

St.. Montesano, Wash 

U. Sy Seattle. Wash 

St.. Seattle, Wash 

I*. S., Spokane, Wash 

U. S., Tacoma, Wash 

St., Anaconda. Mont 

St., Butte, Mont 

St., Red Lodge, Mont 

U.S., Butte, Mont 

St., Astoria, Oregl 

St.,Coquille, Oreg 

St., Portland. Ores; 

U. S., Portland, Oreg 

St., Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. 

St., Virginia, Miim 

St., Marquette. Mich 

St., Crystal Falls. Mich.... 
U. S., Boston. Mass 

Total 



Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


Quarter 


ended 


ended 


ended 


ended 


ended 


ended 


Mar. 31, 


June 30, 


Sept. 3U, 


Dec. 31, 


Mar. 31, 


June 30, 


1918. 


1918. 


1918. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


130 


72 


114 


16 


457 


451 


76 


37 


77 


18 


301 


14 


65 


37 


93 


258 


375 


76 


67 


7S 


33 


22 


57 


40 


16 


22 


2>9 


5 


43 


77 


r,7fi 


3SS 


5S4 


206 


1,889 


581 


555 


369 


564 


145 


1,131 


791 


361 


227 


370 


163 


643 


711 


331 


445 


499 


152 


795 


426 


72 


57 


58 


63 


221 


151 


742 


551 


535 


325 


727 


729 


175 


327 


357 


246 


534 


604 


1S6 


117 


158 


96 


583 


37> 


108 


95 


59 


50 


348 


192 


37 


27 


52 


25 


229 


133 


121 


112 


125 


51 


526 


344 


15 


19 


15 


3 


52 


37 






1 

69 




82 
114 


13 


1 206 


96 


""'24" 


57 


18 


6 


24 


10 


23 


16 


361 


330 


376 


155 


415 


383 


101 


134 


135 


55 


238 


129 






14 
121 


9 
100 


47 
992 


1 


235 


115 


343 


39 


27 


73 


37 


130 


140 


16 


18 


40 


14 


136 


73 


3,100 


4,023 


4,434 


2,182 


5,080 


3,320 


24,684 


33.776 


29, 294 


20,335 


69,823 


46, 648 



PETITIONS FOR NATURALIZATION. 



U.S., Chicago, 111 

U. S., Spring-field, 111 

U. S.. Peoria. Ill 

St., Chicago, 111. (Cir.) 

St., Chicago, 111. (Sup.).... 

St.,Waukegan,IH 

St., Ottawa. Ill 

St., Rock Island, 111 

St., Joliet. Ill 

St.,Rockford.Ill 

'v.. Aurora, 111 

Sup. , Hammond , Ind 

Sup., Gary, Ind 

St., Saginaw, W. S.,Mich. 

St., Sheboygan, Wis 

St., Jersey oitv,N. J 

St., Benton. II! 

St.. Omaha, Xebr.^ 

St., Kansas City. Kans 

U. S., Philadelphia, Pa... 

St.. Hackensack, X. J 

St., Paterson, N.J 

St., Elizabeth, N.J 

St.. Wilkes Barre, Pa 

U. S., Scranlon, Pa 

U. s., Newark, N. J 

St.. Trenton, N.J 

U. S., Pittsburgh, Pa 

St., Ebensburg, Pa 

St. , Uniontown, Pa 

St., Greensburg. Pa 

St., Erie, Pa 

St.. Mercer, Pa 

U. S.. Cleveland, Ohio 

St. , Cleveland , Ohio 

U. S.. Cincinnati, Ohio 

U. S. Davlon,Ohio 

St.,Elvria,Ohio 

U.S.. Toledo, Ohio 

St., Toledo, Ohio 

St., Akron, Ohio 



208 


190 


186 


132 


436 


12 


10 


26 


28 


31 


20 


27 


47 


21 


53 


713 


820 


875 


575 


1,505 


805 


1,120 


1,141 


669 


1,521 


33 


37 


40 


29 


54 


20 


13 


25 


25 


74 


39 


70 


26 


37 


59 


6 


18 


26 


33 


66 


17 


21 


31 


32 


44 


9 


6 


21 


10 


32 


19 


22 


21 


33 


66 


15 


34 


49 


28 


64 


18 


30 


30 


25 


40 


17 


38 


54 


34 


53 


421 


403 


475 


312 


685 


11 


23 


20 


14 


32 


71 


82 


90 


50 


252 


33 


8 


18 


9 


65 


74H 


836 


609 


669 


902 


63 


87 


95 


97 


163 


86 


110 


154 


130 


186 


65 


79 


87 


65 


110 


139 


144 


161 


S3 


164 


234 


182 


174 


146 


287 


71 


83 


64 


44 


76 


66 


65 


44 


49 


169 


682 


551 


465 


422 


838 


40 


129 


86 


31 


56 


56 


42 


29 


26 


96 


58 


52 


29 


25 


67 


35 


46 


44 


36 


81 


14 


28 


8 


9 


34 


226 


202 


212 


193 


383 


199 


173 


198 


104 


416 


46 


61 


111 


70 


111 


15 


25 


21 


19 


25 


19 


• 15 


41 


8 


81 


15 
33 
44 


* 10 
33 

64 


IS 
42 
113 


15 
33 
85 


35 

136 
138 



517 

117 

55 

1,380 

1,683 

52 

50 

88 

SI 

167 

25 

75 

63 

28 

43 

1,008 

43 

294 

68 

1,812 

175 

302 

214 

382 

219 

216 

214 

1,383 

157 

90 

75 

186 

89 

589 

757 

155 

38 

80 

32 

129 

141 



60 



WOEK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



Table F. — Naturalization papers filed in some courts in whose jurisdictions Americani- 
zation activities have been pronounced — Continued. 

PETITIONS FOR NATURALIZATION— Continued. 



Court. 



St., Canton, Ohio 

St., Youngstown, Ohio.. . 

U.S., Buffalo, N.Y 

St., Buffalo, N.Y 

St., Lockport, N.Y 

St.,Mavville,N.Y 

U. S., Birmingham. Ala... 
U. S., Jacksonville/Fla... 
U. S., Fort Worth, Tex. . . 

St., Worcester, Mass 

St., Springfield, Mass 

U. S., Hartford, Conn 

U. S., St. Louis, Mo 

St., Montesano, Wash 

U. S., Seattle, Wash 

St. Seattle, Wash 

U. S., Spokane, Wash 

U. S., Tacoma, Wash 

St., Anaconda, Mont 

St., Butte, Mont 

St., Red Lodge, Mont. ... 

U.S., Butte, Mont 

St., Astoria, Oreg 

St., Coquille, Oreg 

St., Portland, Oreg 

U. S., Portland, Oreg 

St., Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. 

St., Virginia, Minn 

St., Marquette, Mich 

St., Crystal Falh, Mich... 
U. S., Bo <ton, Mass 



Total. 



Quarter 

ended 

Mar. 31, 

1918. 



17 
56 
230 
203 
110 
856 
32 
17 



Quarter 

ended 

June 30, 

1918. 



13 

65 
HI 
197 

70 
859 

30 

18 



230 
204 
141 
111 
19 
167 
74 
44 
18 
8 
51 
14 
2 
20 
15 
129 
39 



1,564 



9,902 



175 
181 
140 
600 
14 
143 
69 
38 
14 
16 
89 
13 
3 
4 
10 
95 
23 



Quarter 
ended 

Sept. 30, 
1918. 



30 

52 

103 

223 

83 

860 

44 

22 

8 

219 

157 

111 

181 

12 

138 

56 

45 

16 

8' 

46 

6 

2 

5 

4 

79 
33 



65 

16 

18 

1,313 



41 

39 

20 

1,161 



10,391 



9,810 



Quarter 
ended 

Dec. 31, 
191S. 



15 

27 

55 

153 

29 

861 

13 

11 

4 

101 

112 

101 

133 

17 

119 

56 

23 

13 

10 

37 



37 
25 

9 
570 



7,080 



Quarter 

ended 

Mar. 31, 

1919. 



21 

92 

44 

426 

109 

19 

41 

14 

3 

251 

242 

188 

203 

24 

234 

69 

66 

41 

23 

68 

6 

1 

17 

7 

101 

30 

6 

96 

27 

35 

938 



13, 128 



Quarter 

ended 

June 30 

1919. 



39 
131 

82 
534 

80 

4 

104 

13 
1 
305 
336 
312 
323 

35 
212 

76 
129 
152 

24 



1 

17 
13 
108 
31 



107 

76 

28 

1,510 



18, 145 



Abbreviations: Sup., Superior; Cir., Circuit; U.S., United States; St., State; Cy., City. 

This table shows the increased filings of declarations of intention 
and petitions for naturalization in a few of the courts throughout the 
United States in whose jurisdictions various agencies have shown 
active interest in the citizenship of the community. These agencies 
have manifested their activities in different ways. Concerted effort 
toward enlarging the attendance of foreign born on public-school 
citizenship classes has at the same time increased the filing of nat- 
uralization papers, and to meet this the Division of Citizenship Train- 
ing is furnishing to the teachers of these classes the necessary forms 
and information whereby the teachers are in a position to aid the 
pupils to procure their papers of naturalization. So, also, large num- 
bers of industrial concerns throughout the country, as well as vari- 
ous organizations composed of employees, have taken an interest in 
the citizenship of their employees and members to such an extent as 
to have provided facilities whereby those needing it can be aided in 
making applications for declarations of intention and petitions for 
naturalization at a great saving of time and expense to themselves 
and their witnesses. 

The statutory prohibition against the making of any declaration 
of intention before the clerk of a court on election day or during the 
period of 30 days preceding the day of holding an election in the 
jurisdiction of the court has resulted in the filing of fewer declara- 
tions immediately preceding elections and has prevented many aliens 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 61 

from filing their declarations at times most convenient to them. This 
in most respects has created a hardship for which a remedy should 
be provided. This statute should be so amended as to limit its appli- 
cation to States in which aliens possessing declarations of intention 
are authorized to exercise the elective franchise. So, too, as many 
declarations have been filed within 30 days of elections in States 
wherein declarants are not permitted to vote and wherein the statu- 
tory limitation thus serves no purpose, Congress should remove any 
stigma that may attach to these declarations by validating them. 

It will be observed that during the last half of the fiscal year 1919 
there were filed 99 per cent more declarations than during the same 
period of the fiscal year 1918. In considering this pronounced in- 
crease in the filing of declarations there should be borne in mind the 
fact that during the period covered by this increase there was ap- 
parently no immigration on account of the war, indicating that those 
filing were residents in this country for some time rather than new 
arrivals. 

Some of the increased petition filing is due to the maturing of 
declarations filed about the time of the declaration of war, when the 
increase in declaration filing first prominently manifested itself. 
During the last half of the fiscal year 1919 there were filed 54 per 
cent more petitions than during the same period of the fiscal year 1918. 

Had adequate facilities been available in the offices of clerks of 
courts and in the field offices of this service, there can be no doubt 
that the increases indicated in this table would have been far greater 
than those shown. Facilities should be furnished by the Government 
at least ample to meet the needs of our foreign-born friends who are 
desirous of securing American citizenship. 

These figures are presented not as naturalization statistics but to 
show one of the resulting effects of the efforts on the part of this 
division in its training of the foreign born for citizenship. 

WORK IN OAKLAND, CALIF. 

One of the most comprehensive current annual reports of Ameri- 
canization and naturalization received is that of the Oakland (Cali- 
fornia) public schools. This report, while giving details as to what 
was done during the year 1918-19, lays particular stress upon the 
program to be carried out during the school year 1919-20. The " dis- 
tinctive features of Americanization work to be more fully devel- 
oped in Oakland schools during 1919-20" are: 

Cooperate with the Naturalization Bureau in securing the following informa- 
tion from all foreign-born persons employed in factories: (a) Name and ad- 
dress; {b) nationality, age; (c) subject of what country; (d) willing or not 
willing to become a citizen of the United States; (e) willing or not willing to 
attend an evening school. (Data set forth on the naturalization educational 
record cards prepared and distributed by the Bureau of Naturalization under 
authority of the act of May 9, 1918.) Establish factory classes. Secure indus- 
trial cooperation and establish an industrial advisory board to " be composed 
of representatives of the following agencies: (a) Bureau of Naturalization; 
(b) public schools; (c) housing and immigration commission; (d) public em- 
ployment bureau ; (c) federated labor; {f) city administration; (g) manufac- 
tures; (h) chamber of commerce." Conduct neighborhood and home-teacher 
work among the foreign born. So organize the classes in Americanization work 
as to meet the needs of those desiring to become citizens ; award certificates to 
those candidates satisfactorily completing the course; and hold each year a 
public meeting to which all those who have been made citizens during the year 



62 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

shall be invited. Insure greater use of the public libraries in the Americaniza- 
tion work. Enlist the services of a public-health nurse in Americanization. 
Offer a teachers' training course for Americanization work in conjunction with 
the University of California, and broaden the duties of the director of Ameri- 
canization. 

SPECIAL OCCASIONS. 

Graduation exercises have been held in larger numbers and with 
greater impressiveness than ever before in the history of this work. 
Most delightful programs have been arranged, and on a large num- 
ber of occasions were completely in charge of the foreign-born, and 
were participated in by none who were not members of the classes. 
These programs embraced the singing of national anthems, ad- 
dresses in English of a highly patriotic order, by the graduating 
members of the classes; aAvarding of prizes for the excellence of en- 
deavor and progress in the acquisition of our language and in the 
general educational advancement of the student members. 

In many instances large orchestras, including string and brass in- 
struments, twenty or thirty or more in number, have oeen organized 
and trained, all composed of members of these classes. Some most 
excellent music of a concert order was produced at these graduation 
exercises, and simple dramas have been successfully staged. Public 
speaking has been a feature of these events, the speakers being gen- 
erally those of local or national note. While these occasions are the 
source of great enjoyment and inspiration to the members of the 
classes, both the graduate and undergraduate members, there is prob- 
ably greater inspiration felt by those who address these patriotic 
young men and women than is possible on the part of those newly 
coming into citizenship. 

In the Capital City of the Nation the graduation exercises were 
most impressive. With a foreign population not at all centralized 
in groups as in other cities of a like size, Washington has now 8 
classes of 200 or more foreigners who are candidates for citizenship. 
Practically every student in these classes has either filed his declara- 
tion of intention or is a petitioner for citizenship. An orchestra com- 
posed of representatives of all of the foreign nationalities of the 
city rendered most excellent music. Speakers from the student body 
voiced their sentiments of devotion and loyalty to this country. 
Eepresentatives of the legislative, judicial, and administrative 
branches of the Federal Government were present to give addresses of 
welcome to the class of graduates from the public schools into Amer- 
ican citizenship. Chief Justice McCoy, of the Supreme Court 'of 
the District of Columbia, awarded the diplomas, and Hon. Frank W. 
Mondell, Representative in Congress from Wyoming, was the prin- 
cipal speaker of the evening. A representative of the Bureau of 
Naturalization was also one of the speakers, with the superintendent 
of public schools of Washington as the presiding officer for the 
evening. These classes have grown during the last three or four 
years from a mere handful with a location in but one out-of-the-way 
school building to such proportions that a high-school building has 
been assigned to the instruction of foreigners, with eight classes num- 
bering an enrollment of over 200. 

A most significant phase of this work is to be found in the largely 
increasing number of smaller communities where special exercises 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 63 

have been conducted with the closing of the school year. The report 
of the graduation exercises at Taylor ville, 111., which were attended 
by a naturalization examiner, is characteristic of many of these 
occasions. The graduation occurred on June 5, 1919, and was a joint 
occasion where the approximately 100 graduates of the regular pub- 
lic day schools received their certificates of graduation along with 
the five adult petitioners for naturalization who received the Federal 
certificate of graduation, presented jointly by the Department of La- 
bor through this service and the public-school authorities. The report 
on this occasion shows a large audience in attendance, all of whose 
members were greatly impressed b} r the novel spectacle of young 
American-born children and foreign-born men and women of ma- 
ture years, side by side, receiving certificates of graduation. This is 
only one of many places where the public has awakened to the reali- 
zation that Americans by birth and Americans by adoption find not 
only a profitable but a congenial atmosphere in their association to- 
gether on the common ground of seekers after learning. 

Prizes of various kinds, including cash prizes, were awarded by 
individuals, manufacturing concerns, and others to the students in 
these citizenship classes obtaining the highest mark in the various 
studies. 

Receptions of various kinds were held throughout the country in 
small communities as well as large. These often followed immedi- 
ately in the court room after the admission to citizenship. At the 
graduation exercises or at specially called occasions at these affairs 
candidates, their relatives, and friends, both native and foreign born, 
were in large attendance on programs generally consisting of speak- 
ing, presentation of flags to the new citizens, and community singing. 
All of these activities have attracted widespread interest and were 
reported on favorably throughout the local news mediums of the 
community. 

Some of the comments by the public as well as by the school author- 
ities show that a great deal of the success of the classes has been due 
to the presence of the citizenship textbook of instruction, the dis- 
tribution of which was authorized by Congress through this branch 
of the Government. In some places where the success desired and 
expected did not attend the organization of classes, the partial failure 
has been reported as directly due to the failure of the textbooks and 
manuals to arrive when the classes first began to meet. 

Throughout the country the greatest enthusiasm has characterized 
the reception of the knowledge of governmental support. The super- 
intendents of schools have proffered their earnest assistance in the 
making of surveys of their respective districts; clergymen have ear- 
nestly expressed their willingness and determination to contribute 
their part toward the organization, volunteering their personal serv- 
ices. Throughout the country the tone of the reports greatly shows 
anticipation of an increase of from 90 to 100 per cent in the attend- 
ance of the foreign born upon these classes. The high average of 
attendance maintained of those actually enrolled, the increased in- 
terest shown by the student body in the receipt from the Federal 
Government of such personal recognition as is now being given them, 
the knowledge that both the Federal and State Governments are 
working together in their behalf have imparted a new element into 
the school situation. This is found in the sustained interest of the 



64 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

student, which is reflected in the greater length of attendance. Many 
schools have continued for 5, 6, or 7 months with sustained attendance 
by the majority of the students enrolled. Previously the experience 
has been that the student would attend during a period of from 4 
to 6 weeks, and as soon as he acquired a mere smattering of English, 
would lose interest. The presentation of the certificates of gradu- 
ation by the school authorities and the Federal Government has been 
one of the leading features. The promise of the certificates of pro- 
ficiency to those not entitled to certificates of graduation has also 
aroused a keen interest. This is particularly so as the certificates of 
proficiency were authorized in recognition of the practically unani- 
mous request from the public-school systems for such a certificate. 

The experiences of the West Side School, of Waterloo, Iowa, indi- 
cates the new spirit with which the students are attending these 
evening classes. The classes in this school held three evening sessions 
a week over a period of 16 weeks. At the time of the discontinuance 
of the classes the students requested that they be given a like course 
commencing next fall. In these classes the average attendance was 
eight students to the class. From this it is seen that although the 
number attending was small, the interest and enthusiasm was at the 
maximum. 

Wherever there are State laws that admit of cooperation, the 
public-school authorities are in increasing numbers preparing to link 
up the citizenship classes with other established courses, such as 
vocational, agricultural, and others. 

In many communities graduation exercises were turned into an 
Americanization festival, where parades were the order of the day. 
In many of these the different nationalities were organized in the 
form of divisions, each nationality a separate division. Tableaux 
were presented by these different nationalities, ending generally with 
the pledge of allegiance to the American flag. 

In these parades, and particularly at East Side Park, at Newark, 
N. J., silver cups were offered for the largest representation of a 
foreign division and for the best folk dances in native costume to 
the music of the foreign nationality. This occasion closed with 
community singing, in which all nationalities, including native born, 
participated. 

In Wilmington, Del., the graduation of the Americanization classes 
occurred with the ceremonial of a procession by the graduates bear- 
ing the flags of their mother countries and of America, with singing 
and dancing, and the presentation of diplomas and certificates of 
gaduation by President George B. Miller, of the State Board of 
Education of Delaware, with a reception to all of the newly made 
citizens, terminating with appropriate refreshments. 

In New York City on June 19 a " Get together Americanization 
evening and welcome to newly enlisted citizens of the United States " 
occurred. On this occasion there were speeches, dancing, and com- 
munity singing. The occasion was a special one in recognition ot 
those who had been recently enlisted in New York City. 

In Salt Lake City, on May 6, 300 students of night schools, with 
many soldiers stationed at Fort Douglas, were presented with their 
naturalization papers and certificates of graduation. Representatives 
of 15 nationalities participated in the evening functions in native 
costumes, giving folk dances and songs. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 65 

THE FEDERAL CITIZENSHIP TEXTBOOK. 

During the past year the Textbook which has been distributed 
with the accompanying manual has received praise of the highest 
order from all parts of the country. There have been many hearty 
responses to the request for criticisms from the users of the book. 
During the course of the year the use of the book was carefully 
observed from this office throughout the country. From among 
those who manifested the greatest interest in the book and who per- 
formed services were finally selected a committee to revise the Text- 
book. 

The total number of Textbooks and Teachers' Manuals distributed 
during the year was 95,303 and 9,267, respectively. 

ASSURANCES OF SUPPORT. 

The following are some expressions assuring cooperation and 
support of the Division of Citizenship Training in its work : 

I can assure you of every possible cooperation on my part, and urge your 
bureau to present plans for such cooperation to the board of education. A 
personal interview is the best way to explain plans. 

I would say that the Textbook and Teacher's Manual on citizenship are 
being used in some of our classes'. I understand that a sufficient supply is now 
on hand for the present. We find it adaptable for use in a few of our classes, 
and in those classes we are employing it. 

In reply to your circular letter No. 191, I would say that the Textbook 
and Teacher's Manual on citizenship are being used in some of our classes. 
I understand that a sufficient supply is now on hand for the present. We 
find it adaptable for use in a few of our classes, and in those classes we are 
employing it. 

We are in process of reorganization. I shall detail one of my teachers to 
write you more of this. I am doing this because I am convinced of the deep 
sincerity of the work of your bureau, and shall therefore deem it a privilege 
to be of any service. 

While the supervisor has asked me to send this material to you on account 
of her having to be out of town for some days, I am quite sure that she will 
k-e only too happy to answer your inquiries herself; although her day is a 
very long one and a very full one, yet she realizes that the big strokes should 
come from your department, and she is ever anxious and willing to help out 
that work if she can. 

This city was one of the pioneer cities in Americanization work and has 
yearly made some advance in the work. Due to the interest aroused in this 
work by the Bureau of Naturalization, it is intended this year to extend the 
work to meet every demand made upon it. It is proposed to make a greater 
use of the attendance cards supplied by the bureau. Three visiting teachers 
have been employed, who will take the cards for those aliens residing within 
the districts to which they are assigned and personally interview the persons 
named thereon, and, if married, the wife of such alien. This will result in a 
larger attendance and tend to cure a defect that has existed in the system as 
it has operated in the past few years. 

I appreciate the many helpful suggestions which have been received from 
your bureau. If conditions in our community should change at any time in the 
future, I shall be glad to avail myself of the suggestions offered. 

All of our students have been made aware of the certificate they will receive 
on completion of the course and are very much enthused over it. I believe 
that such a certificate in blank in the possession of the school, framed, that 
could be shown them, would help very much. Could you send me a blank 
certificate? 

You may rest assured that I am deeply interested in the Government move- 
ment which your department represents. 

In reply fb your letter of the 29th instant, we wish to state that we shall 
be glad to cooperate with your department in every way possible in order to 

161660—20 5 



66 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

fit aliens in this community toward citizenship. We shall be glad to receive 
suggestions from you. 

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES. 

During the year special vocabularies were requested from various 
industrial concerns, labor organizations, and others qualified to fur- 
nish them. The comments upon this endeavor have been of the most 
complimentary character. One writer says : " Your great work in 
compiling a concise working vocabulary for our foreign-born em- 
ployees is deserving of the highest compliment." 

STUDENTS' WORK. 

Some of the work of the students in these classes is submitted as 
evidence of the development made possible through their organiza- 
tion. These consist of letters expressive of appreciation of the inter- 
est of the Government in their welfare, while others are in the form 
of composition work. 

The following is the work of a young woman — Martha Deglan — 
30 years of age, who has resided in the United States for 
only 6 years, has filed her declaration of intention, and who, previous 
to the school year just past, had never attended school: 

So many people think Liberty is a privilege to do what one pleases, not 
caring for other people's rights or property. But Liberty is the right to be ruled 
by law and not by men. The United States is a government of laws and not 
of men. Every American citizen has the right to select his men who hold the 
offices and help make the law. The President of the United States, the Members 
of Congress, and the judges of the courts are just simply doing what the law 
prescribes. If one man or one set of men would have the executive power of 
the Government it would be, like it has been in other countries, a reign of 
terror. This country is made up of foreigners. Most of them were ruled by 
an autocratic government. When Washington became an American citizen he 
led this Nation to a complete independence. Since then America has improved 
more and more. Now there are public schools everywhere. The Government 
gives the foreigners free night schools, where they can learn to write and 
read English, learn about the Constitution of the Government so they can 
become American citizens and enjoy Liberty. 

The following is by Mrs. Eosa Elias, 30 years of age : 

I live in America. I like America. We all like to live in America. Our old 
home was in Mexico. My new home is in America. My parents are not here. 
They are in Mexico. They are too old to come. I go to the night school. I have 
lived in America two years. I have been in school six months. 

Mr. James Defazio, of Hamilton, Ohio, submits the following: 

I desire to explain " why I am attending the public school." At first my 
object was to fit myself for the examination to become an American citizen. 
Later I began to realize more fully what a still better knowledge of the Eng- 
lish language was worth to me. When the board of education opened a school 
for foreigners four years ago I entered at once and I have attended ever since, 
and I hope to continue. 

I appreciate the opportunity the public schools are offering the foreign born. 
I feel more like the equal of the better class of American citizen since I can 
express myself intelligently in English. This affords me great satisfaction and 
proves in many ways an advantage. 

The following essays on " Why I came to evening school " were 
submitted by Hanna Spong, A. Anderson, and James Saechi, respec- 
tively, students attending the citizenship classes in North Milwaukee, 
Wis. : 

I came to evening school and I appreciate the school very much, for it gives 
me the opportunity to learn the language right and pronounce the words cor- 
rectly. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 67 

I am thankful to the country that provided the school, the principal, and the 
teacher whose help has made it possible for me to learn English. 

It would be wise if all foreigners who came here to live would pay atten- 
tion to learning the language, as it would give them a better standing in the 
country and among the American people, and they would feel more at home 
than they do. 

I came from Sweden Aug. 31, 1916. I came on the S. S. Fredrick VIII. The 
steamer left Norway Aug. 17, 1916. It took us fourteen day to cross the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

I like this country very well. I am working as a chauffeur for the Scan- 
dinavian Importing Co. and I like the position very much. I started school to 
learn the language and I think it will do me good, because I will never be able 
to learn English without school. I am thankful to the American people that 
they keep school for the foreigners. 

Without knowing the language we would not be able to reach people in any 
kind of business. My business in Sweden was that of a butcher and I expect 
to keep that trade up even in this country, but I have to learn English first. 
I think if I study hard for a year or so I'll be able to get my store some place 
and I think I will be able to succeed as a butcher as well as anybody else 
because I know my trade very well. 

I came to the United States from Sweden. I came on the steamship Com- 
monwealth of the Dominion Line. I landed in Boston on the 3d of October, 
1902. I came to have a better living than was possible in Eui'ope. I had 
always heard that this was a fine country for the working people ; that they 
had a good change to earn a living and live comfortably, and I have found it so. 

I came also to find liberty, which this country is regarded as having. But I 
also find that to enjoy liberty and the better living I must learn the English 
language. I want to read and understand the newspapers and books. I also 
want to understand sermons and lectures and be able to talk to people in good 
English so they can understand me. 

The following composition on " Why I attend night school " is by 
Otto Hagert, a student in the North Milwaukee citizenship classes: 

I attend night school because I want to be a citizen, and I found out that it 
is my duty to be a citizen and to obey the laws. I learned it in the night school 
by reading the Constitution of the United States. 

I ought to be loyal to the United States because it is good for me and good 
for the Government. When I am a citizen then I can help as a member of 
the United States. 

I attend night school two winters, but still it is not enough for me, so I 
want to learn a little more. I am now very happy that I learned so much. 

One most interesting feature in this work is the number of let- 
ters to the foreign-born sons of immigrant mothers. These boys were 
serving in the expeditionary forces across the waters. Many of 
the letters of these mothers were the first they ever wrote in their 
lives. When the boys left home these mothers were unable to 
write a word in English or in any other language. The first let- 
ters these mothers could write were addressed to their sons serving 
in the military ranks of the country of their adoption. The receipt 
of these letters by the sons from their mothers was an added in- 
spiration to them to do their duty as soldiers. 

A portion of the report of one superintendent of schools is here 
given : 

Another incident which may be of interest is in connection with a young 
men's class in the evening school. One of the pupils, a Syrian, 22 or 23 
years of age, was doing exceptionally good work; so the teacher asked him how 
much he studied outside of the hours the school was in session. He replied 
that he studied "All the time" that he had, and that when he went to bed 
at night he had his book with him and a flash-light under his pillow, so that 
when he awoke in the night he could look at his book and study a few minutes 
before going to sleep again. 



68 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

The report of Mrs. Margaret D. Small, teacher of the citizen- 
ship classes at Biclcleford, Me., is very illuminative of the spirit 
which this activity develops. The report is as follows : 

The Greek class at evening school during the winter of 1918-19 was eager 
to know the laws pertaining not only to the Government of the United States, 
as a whole, but particularly to city and State government. 

It is a pleasure to work with a group of foreigners who, although they 
have been in this country a short time, wish to know its laws and customs 
that they may become law-abiding citizens, intelligent men, and a profitable 
asset to the United States. 

Some of the men have already taken out their first papers and more will 
surely avail themselves of the opportunity May 1 of this year, on which 
date the Greek Loyalist's League of America urge their fellow countrymen 
to march in a body to the proper place of registration and show their support 
lo America by acquiring citizenship. 

MEXICAN BORDER. 

During the past year special effort has been made to establish 
schools for these adults along the Mexican border. The good that 
Avill unquestionably follow upon the organization of this work to 
its highest efficiency in this section of the country will readily be 
seen even upon a superficial consideration of the problem that con- 
fronts those living on both sides of the boundary line between this 
country and Mexico. 

In all of the border towns upon the American side the overpopula- 
tion of these communities by Mexicans beyond any economic neces- 
sity for them is at once in evidence. This congestion depresses the 
value of the individual from an economic standpoint as a producer, 
while not weakening his capacity as a consumer. Farther up in the 
country are to be found farm lands; mines, and public construction 
work which could be developed and carried on to the betterment of 
the condition of the people and the land and its resources. These 
public works and the development of resources are greatly hampered 
by lack of labor. Those who are in the border towns would be 
of inestimable assistance if they could but travel with freedom to 
towns where there is demand for labor. Without a knowledge of 
English a barrier is felt to any extended migration from the border 
by Mexicans in any large numbers. With the organization of these 
classes and the mastery of our tongue, both in reading and writing 
as well as in speaking it by the foreign population, Mexicans and 
others, there would at once be injected into this stagnated condition 
vivifying elements. 

Confidence in one's capacity will take the place of timidity and 
suspicion, and an intelligent understanding of things American fol- 
low. The desire for new fields which has led these foreign peoples 
to seek other environments than those of their native land would 
beckon them on to newer fields of activity and life. The places where 
labor is needed and desired would be sought in increasing numbers 
and in wider areas and would establish a higher plane of intelligence 
and understanding such as these communities never have before 
enjoyed. Intelligence is the antithesis of superstition, prejudice, fear, 
and hatred, both of a racial as well as an individual character. An 
intelligent understanding of our language acquired in the public 
schools of this country by those who come amongst us can but result 
in the development of a sense of appreciation of the source of the 
benefits and the development of a greater sense of loyalty and devo- 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 69 

tion to those institutions. The return across the international bound- 
ary of those having acquired a knowledge of our language and 
customs through the public schools will mean the extension of a new 
element and of the foundations of the healthiest character for the 
removal of prejudices against this country, founded largely upon 
mutual lack of understanding, the result of a contract of force rather 
than of intelligent, sympathetic relations. 

A school-teacher in one of the border States expresses the view 
that Mexicans as a whole living in America become Americanized 
after the lapse of time, but do not become naturalized — with indi- 
vidual exceptions to this rule. When the schools were opened in this 
Arizona town there was an enrollment of 55 out of a possible 200, 
showing an attendance of a little more than 25 per cent. This small 
percentage was a distinct surprise to the teacher, who, however, pro- 
ceeded to ascertain why more were not attending and reports the 
following principal reasons : 

First. They look with distrust upon this act of the Government as some 
subtle means of making them become citizens against their will, or join the 
Army, or something they know not what. 

Second. Some are ashamed to make the start because they can not read and 
write their own language and imagine it an impossibility to learn English with- 
out first learning Spanish. 

Third. A few say they are too busy with their affairs, while others are con- 
tented to remain ignorant, having no desire to learn anything. 

MOTION MCTTTRES. 

The motion-picture possibilities for bringing to the foreigners in 
the classrooms the activities of the United States Government and the 
opportunities which the entire country offers for them can not be 
too highly estimated. There should be special provision made for 
the preparation of motion pictures depicting these possibilities and 
activities which would be available through the Division of Citizen- 
ship Training for the use of the public schools throughout the United 
States. 

It is understood that there are 18,000 motion-picture circulation 
machines in high schools. As many of these foreign classes are held 
at night in the high schools, the availability of these motion-picture 
machines is at once an evidence of the wide circulation which could 
be given through the foreign population of these activities which 
have a bearing upon and for the benefit of the individual throughout 
this country. There are many of the advantages of this country 
which have not been shown to the foreigner. 

By means of the motion picture the field of visual education can be 
most extensively elaborated. Through this medium an English vo- 
cabulary may be more readily put before the foreigner and mastered 
by him. This form of instruction will also be instrumental in secur- 
ing more frequent attendance by the foreigner and in sustaining a 
higher interest in the public school on his part. The great difficulty 
which has been experienced in the past has been to sustain the interest 
of the foreigner, even after it has been sufficiently aroused to secure 
some initial attendance by him. This medium would not only ac- 
complish the purpose desired, but would also be an additional means 
of securing his initial attention. 

The value of the motion picture in the classroom has so thoroughly 
become established that industrial concerns of all lines have pro- 



70 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

vided for its use in their relations with the foreign employee. Not 
only has it been used by them among the foreign born but for the 
instruction and development of the efficiency of the native-born 
worker. The means by which life and limb may be safeguarded have 
been visualized to them through the motion picture when all other 
mediums have failed. Indeed the high state of the efficiency of the 
safety departments which industry has developed are not considered 
complete without the motion picture to supplement the oral instruc- 
tion. 

The opportunities that the public lands of the Nation offer to the 
foreign-born agriculturalist which could be shown through the me- 
dium of motion pictures are without limit. 

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION. 

The organization of the various cities, towns, and county units 
reached a higher development throughout the country. This is 
clearly shown by the reports received, of which the following are 
a few: 

The plan of the superintendent of schools of Butler County, Iowa, 
is to organize small classes in each of the small towns where the need 
is discovered and to leave the instruction of these classes to the super- 
intendent of schools or to some professional man there. He states 
that they have no funds with which to engage a regularly paid 
instructor, but feels that some of the public-school men or profes- 
sional men will be willing to donate their time and efforts in order to 
Americanize the county. 

The report of the educational director at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for- 
warded by the naturalization examiner with whom conferences were 
held shows that his classes met three times a week — on Monday, 
Wednesday, and Friday nights — with an enrollment of 35 and an 
average attendance of perhaps 25. In the opinion of the educational 
director the Textbook is very fine. 

The superintendent of schools for Dickinson County, Iowa, reports 
plans to institute an elementary course in the rural schools following 
out the course as outlined in the Teacher's Manual and to use the 
Textbook, in which he states he finds valuable material. 

INTEREST MANIFESTED IN THE SCHOOLS. 

Reports show that aliens have in many instances signed petitions 
for the continuance of the schools during the next year. On the other 
hand, the directors of these classes haA r e sent in numberless reports 
showing that the organizations of the classes have been productive 
of tremendous local value not only to the foreign population but to 
the native as well. Some of these expressions follow : 

" Our city schools have held evening classes for aliens during the past two 
years. Our school board, of which I am a member, thought this advisable at 
that time, and we have never regretted our step in that direction." — Superin- 
tendent of schools, Crosby, Minn. ; county director, Owatonna, Minn. 

W. L. Kunkel, supervisor recreation, extension, and physical train- 
ing department of the public schools of Ludington, Mich., states that 
the Americanization classes organized there under his supervision 
made tremendous success, and that — 

In this work I have met with splendid cooperation from local manufac- 
turers who encouraged their employees to take up the work. Realizing the 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 71 

great importance of this work in which you are engaged, permit me to state 
that we desire to cooperate to the limit, and anything we can do on this end 
will be taken care of." He further expresses the hope to extend night classes 
throughout the entire county over which he supervises the schools, and states: 
" The work last season was a tremendous success, and it was necessary to place 
men on a waiting list. I would like to obtain from your department 150 copies 
of the Student's Textbook and 10 copies of the Teacher's Manual for use in 
connection with my own outline. I would also appreciate your sending me 
recent rulings of your department pertaining to naturalization. The many 
recent changes I am not very familiar with and copies of these rulings would 
greatly assist me in this work of preparing aliens for citizenship. If I can be 
of any assistance to your department along these lines in Ludington or Mason 
County, call upon me at any time. I will be delighted to do all I can in this 
work of Americanization. 

At a still later date Mr. Kunkel writes the following : 

Classes in citizenship with an enrollment of 56, the capacity of the school, 
have been organized here and are meeting with splendid success. On the 7th 
of January next year I shall conduct a class in citizenship and a class in English 
for foreigners at the local plant of the Morton Salt Co. A splendid classroom 
has been arranged for this work, and an effort will be made to make this plant 
100 per cent American. I expect an enrollment close to 100 in this class. No 
charge is made for attendance, it being part of my work here in the capacity of 
recreation superintendent. 

Superintendent Hollenbach, of Saginaw, Mich., states: 

This is the third month of our work. As far as I know we are working along 
original lines and are doing very well. We started through the schools and 
some natural groups, and have followed up with personal work. We have one 
center where the attendance runs from 60 to 70, and they sing " America " 
and give the "flag salute " every night at the close of the school. It is an in- 
spiring sight to see these Americans being born. 

The superintendent of schools at Muskegon, Mich., expresses him- 
self as follows : 

Thank you for your letter of January 31. The suggestions which you 
have made are very valuable, particularly the one about approaching the adults 
through the children who may be enrolled in the public schools. You may rest 
assured that I shall carry out these suggestions, and will notify you of the re- 
sults. Please make any other suggestions from time to time, because I am 
very anxious to make the work in Americanism of this nature successful. 

Ifrom other sources the highest expressions of support have been 
received. The following is one instance : 

It seems to me that one of the greatest factors in saving our American ideals 
and patriotic spirit of justice — the American standard of civilization — is to 
educate not only the foreign born but all foreigners within our gates, through 
the public schools and none other, at least until after they have passed the 
eighth or tenth grade. I feel that it is a national duty as a matter of mutual 
benefit, justice, and safety that every foreigner should of necessity take a full 
course before he or she can have any voice or standing in our economic and 
civic affairs. We owe that training to them — to everyone. 

Marshfield, Wis., reports: 

The Americanization work in this city is under the direction of Prof. Roy J. 
Carver, assisted by P. B. Lamson, secretary of the chamber of commerce. The 
work was conducted by following the outline of instruction furnished by the 
Government and was termed a school of Americanization. The enrollment 
remained stationary while this plan was followed, and later the school was 
organized as a citizenship club, officered from its membership. The club plan 
became very popular, and the membership trebled as the result. The same plan 
of instruction has been followed, and during the study or lecture period the 
club is in charge of the director and his assistant. At the conclusion of the 
study period, the club is placed in charge of its officers, and questions of a local 
and national character are discussed. One of the distinctive features of the 
Americanization work is the establishment of a mock citizenship court and the 
examination of one of the club members as a candidate for admission to citi- 



72 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

zenship. The procedure is the same as is followed in the circuit court, and the 
candidate is questioned as to his loyalty, character, and knowledge of the laws 
and institutions of the country. 

From Albuquerque, N. Mex., comes the following: 

There is forwarded herewith a photograph of a class of aliens at the night 
school in Albuquerque, N. Mex., John Milne, superintendent. It will be noted 
that quite a number of the students are not adults. This is explained by the 
fact that the practice in the past has been to keep many of the Spanish-speak- 
ing children out of the public schools after they become 10 or 11 years old, and 
hence the night schools for teaching English and citizenship are thrown open to 
all ages. 

Superintendent Milne has had splendid success with the citizenship school 
in Albuquerque in spite of the attitude of a large percentage of the population 
and, further, in face of the statement generally made in New Mexico that classes 
of this character can not be conducted because the Spanish-speaking people 
largely are the only ones who might be benefited and they do not care to at- 
tend. 

The superintendent of schools of Grand Haven, Mich., states : 

I am quite sure that with the strong assistance and authority now given by 
the bureau to the public-school system, we will be able to reach more of the 
aliens and declarants. Already we are feeling the support given by the Federal 
Government in the Americanization campaign. * * * The suggestions of the 
bureau have all been helpful, but in a smaller city it is always more difficult to 
reach them in a mass than it is in the larger cities. My experience has been 
that the individual method must be used almost entirely. I hope that in the 
near future we will be able to devise some scheme by which we can get a 
record of all aliens and declarants of all ages, as we have been able to do 
through the draft board for those between 18 and 45. We have been supplied 
with the textbooks by the Chicago division of the bureau, and they are in- 
deed an excellent aid in the work. We could use 75 of the educational record 
cards of the syllabus of the naturalization law, and at present I would like to 
receive one sample copy of the certificate of graduation. 

The superintendent of schools of Pittsfield, Mass., writes : 

Special committees and charitable organizations are forming classes. The 
work has just started. We expect to form these racial groups in every section 
of the city. Through the schools and the classes carried on the factories, the 
men will be cared for as thoroughly as possible. 

The superintendent of schools of Barre, Hardwick, and Petersham, 
Mass., reports : 

We are maintaining two evening classes for adult foreign born in this 
town, one in each manufacturing village, and one school with four classes 
in the town of Hardwick. Six Manuals and 100 Student's Textbooks could be 
used to great advantage just at this time, and a few posters might be of service. 
I would like three sample graduation certificates to stimulate interest, if that 
is permissible. I know that the chance of earning this will be a stimulus. 

The reports repeatedly show that a concerted action was taken by 
the local forces not only to bring into these classes the candidates for 
citizenship alone but all illiterates. 

In North Attleboro, Mass., the superintendent of schools reports : 

Every effort was made by publicity, personal contact, etc., to bring in illiter- 
ates. No attempt was made last year to induce candidates for citizenship to 
attend. However, this movement will be taken up vigorously next fall, when we 
have ample quarters in our new high-school building. 

In some places the school authorities report the smallest registra- 
tion in their history, and give as the reason abundant work and high 
wages, as well as the presence in the Army of a large number of for- 
eign residents. One superintendent of schools reports that all oi 
the pupils of the year before had entered the military service of the 
United States. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF .CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 73 

In some of the instances there were letters of a circular character 
received by superintendents of schools where no foreign population 
existed. In these cases as rapidly as the local situation was ascer- 
tained no further action was taken. The following characteristic 
response illustrates the attitude of the school authorities in these 
places : 

We have no classes for the unnaturalized in our little towns, therefore I am 
unable to avail myself of any of the valuable matter that has been coming 
from your office. I am much interested in the very efficient manner in which 
this movement is being carried on, and regret that local conditions give me no 
opportunity to assist. 

The helpfulness of the educational record cards has been full}' 
demonstrated. The superintendent of schools at Louisville, Ky., 
reports : 

These cards are helpful to us in that they enable us to notify the declarants 
to attend our night schools. 

The excellence of the home visiting is clearly demonstrated by the 
report of the principal of the Central High School at Atlanta, Ga., 
who states : 

Until quite recently, visiting in the families of the pupils has been considered 
a definite and very important part of the system of instruction in our school ; 
and that we have one of the finest, most wide-awake night schools in the United 
States I believe is the direct result of the teachers having given their whole 
time and interest to the work. Our plan has been to visit at the beginning of the 
term every family represented in the school ; then further visiting along through 
the year as occasion demanded. There has been no appreciable departure from 
this plan in teaching foreigners, although I have always kept in as close touch 
as possible with my pupils, visiting as my judgment directed. 

Prior to the cessation of activities on the part of Councils of De- 
fense in the counties throughout the country, numbers of reports 
were received of assurances of their support and indorsement of the 
work of the public schools. Mr. J. O. Barkley, chairman Buchanan 
County Council of Defense, St. Joseph, Mo., states: 

We will be very glad to render the superintendent of schools any assistance 
within our power in order to carry out the educational program contemplated, 
as we appreciate this country has been very derelict in neglecting the impor- 
tant work of educating foreigners to become Americans, and it is our opinion 
that this can be accomplished through the schools to better advantage than 
otherwise, and I desire to assure you that our entire council is in hearty accord 
with this proposed work. 

INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSIONS. 

The letters of appreciation from individuals who have felt the aid 
of the Government and the public schools continue to reach the 
bureau in ever-increasing numbers. They cover the range of the 
widest character, from the illiterate to the most highly educated; 
from the poor to those in most comfortable circumstances. The fol- 
lowing are examples: 

In reply to your favor of April 3, inclosing my certificate of naturalization, I 
take great pleasure in saying — 

(1) That I am thankful for the same, and assure you that I appreciate the 
honor which has been conferred upon me, and that I shall try to fulfill all 
duties involved in a worthy manner. 

(2) That I am grateful for the arrangement by Congress and the Bureau of 
Naturalization by which immediate citizenship is conferred on soldiers without 
the customary wait of two years or more. 

(3) That I am very grateful for the privilege of schooling which the Govern- 
ment offers to soldiers who need it. 



74 WOKK OF THE PUBLIC! SCHOOLS 

(4) That since February 22, 1919, I have been attending school at Ferris- 
Institute, Big Rapids, Mich., where I am learning to read and write the English 
language and do such work in arithmetic as I can understand. I am making 
good progress I am told, although the work seems slow, as I am 26 years 
old, and have been accustomed to an active life. This school is better for me 
than the public schools, because in those I could attend classes with the young- 
est children only. Here the students are young men and women. Here also I 
have the advantage of military drill. Here, too, students as well as teachers 
seem glad to assist me in my work and aid me in every way possible. I 
began reading with the primer, and am now taking up the first reader. I 
don't know how long I can stay here, as I gave up my business when I 
enlisted, and have now no income ; but I shall stay as long as I can. I may be 
able to find work to do to help me out. With thanks for your kind letter. 

I hereby take Plasuer in answering to your notice of my husband and myself 
becoming A citizen of the united states, now that my husband is overseas in 
the canadan army, as he is A British subject and he read in the papers that 
all British and canadains had to inlist or be drafted so he inlisted in the 
canadan army to avoid being drafted, but when he gets back he wants to 
become a citizen, now about going to school I thought that I had better consult 
with you about what I had better do as my husband is not home to go to school 
so what had I better do until my husband gets home. 

I wish to express to you my highest appreciation of the interest that you 
and the good Government of the United States of America has taken in me in 
this respect, but regret to inform you that I was not quite fortunate enough t<> 
be able to take advantage of this wonderful opportunity for the fact that all 
schools of the city were ordered closed by our City Health Department and 
therefore my opportunity may be entirely gone for the present season, but can 
assure you that I will be more than glad to take advantage of the same just 
as soon as I will hear from such a chance again. Thanking you very kindly for 
your courtesy, and trusting to hear from you again with any possible assistance 
that you may be able to extend to me to help procure my second naturalization 
papers as I am very anxious to have them soon as possible in order that I may 
feel like a full blooded American ought to feel. 

Your most esteemed and welcome favor of the 21st ulto, came duly to hand, 
and I want to tell you that I appreciate your kindness very highly and really 
think that these night schools to help a man obtain the knowledge necessary for 
him to become a better citizen of this great and glorious Country of ours, is a 
very beneficial work. 

Your letter of February 6th reed. I wish to thank you for the trouble you 
have taken to help me to gain an education and become a worthy American 
citizen. 

GENERAL COMMENT. 

The purpose of this cooperation and stimulation of the activities 
of the public schools is to give as much of a general education to the 
foreigner seeking citizenship as possible and not to have them pre- 
pared for naturalization only to the extent that they may pass the 
examination in the court upon any line of questioning or any set 
questions and answers. 

The original contact of the public schools with this naturalization- 
educational work has been with the petitioner, who has approxi- 
mately three months remaining before he may be admitted to citi- 
zenship. A period of three months manifestly can not qualify an 
illiterate alien for American citizenship by giving him a knowledge 
of reading, speaking, and writing our language and an insig;ht 
into our institutions of government, so that he may understand its 
principles. 

It has been the purpose in the conduct of this work to secure the 
organization of the public schools upon a basis approximating if 
not fully covering two years of instruction and training of the alien 
who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United 
States. This is the objective of this office, and has been since the 
inception of the work, as will be seen by reference to the portions 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TKAINING. 75 

of the annual reports of the bureau heretofore made relating to 
this work. 

The school authorities in many centers are preparing and organiz- 
ing their schools upon a two-year basis. The committee sitting in 
revision of the textbook urge its separation into three parts in order 
that this may be possible of accomplishment. 

During the past year, with the cessation of the activities of the 
Information and Education Service, conferences were had with the 
chief of that service for the purpose of enabling this division to 
secure the benefit of the results of the activities of that service. As 
a consequence of this the division of industries of that service was 
transferred on May 1. With the transfer of this division approxi- 
mately 1.800 committees of employers and employees were made 
available for carrying on the work of promoting the public schools 
in their instruction of the citizenship candidates. These cni.miittees 
have been appealed to for the purpose of having them disseminate 
information regarding the Federal Government among the em- 
ployees with whom they are associated to aid all who desire to file 
their naturalization papers in accomplishing their desires. 

In the development of this work these organizations have been 
supplied with naturalization forms, and have aided the prospective 
candidates in their places of employment to gather the information 
necessary to the filing of a declaration of intention and to petitioning 
for naturalization. The work which these committees have been 
doing has been far-reaching in its effect for good in furnishing this 
aid and in spreading information of the most favorable character 
regarding our institutions of government. Thousands of aliens who 
were desirous of filing their naturalization papers but whose environ- 
ment prevented them from doing so have eagerly seized this means 
of taking the various steps toward becoming citizens. 

In addition to this numbers of these committees have been appealed 
to to aid and support the public schools in the betterment of their 
plans for the instruction of these seekers after American citizenship. 
Their influence has been potential in the various communities where 
they have offered their aid to this end. Labor organizations have 
more and more turned their attention to the vital relationship of 
their members to citizenship and have passed resolutions strongly 
indorsing the work of the Government carried on through this 
office. 

The opportunity is now being afforded the noncitizen members 
in the meetings of the labor organizations all over the country to 
take steps to secure that status. It has become a part of the estab- 
lished order of business. Too much praise can not be extended to 
these bodies of men and women who have labored in the obscurity 
of their employment and without public recognition, and contrib- 
uted in a large measure toward the stabilizing of relations between 
employer and employee, with special reference to the foreign born. 

In the 2,240 communities where this work has been undertaken by 
the public schools, some high and efficient organizations have been 
effected. Committees have been especially organized to carry the 
message of America to the foreign born; to urge their attendance 
upon the public schools; to aid them in their desire to become citi- 
zens; to urge the organization of classes for adults where none had 
previously existed; to bring under the supervision of the public 



76 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

schools privately organized classes, in order that the largest good 
might come to the public from the expenditure of energy, time, and 
money in the conduct of these classes ; to effect a higher potentiality 
in the support and conduct of these classes ; to insure the most com- 
plete and effective union of the local forces with the Federal Gov- 
ernment through this office ; to arouse a further extended interest in 
this problem on the part of the native-born members of the com- 
munity; to stimulate interest on the part of the foreign adults. 
Whole community organizations have been effected in many places. 
In the larger cities there has been a closer relationship in the past 
year than in any of the preceding years. The two elements that 
doubtless have contributed most to this closer cordiality have been 
the textbook and the certificates of graduation. 

In many of the classes old men and women are now beginning to 
learn for the first time to read and write. Numbers of instances 
have been found of old parents in attendance upon the classes in 
which their sons and daughters were also striving to learn. 

The prospects throughout the country for an increased campaign 
by the public schools are everywhere in evidence. Funds more and 
more nearly adequate to the full support of the classes are being 
obtained. The study and observation by the schools and the public 
generally are more in evidence in the clefiniteness of organization, 
the greater concert of action, and resources for the complete sup- 
port of the public school classes. 

The support which the bureau should give to all of these out- 
side activities has been almost altogether prevented by the increases 
in other lines of work and the delay in ascertaining at the usual 
time what allowances would be made in the way of appropriations 
for the ensuing fiscal year. Because of this uncertainty it was 
deemed inadvisable to give permanent appointments to those living 
in various parts of the country for duty in Washington and to call 
them to the capital only to learn later that Congress had not pro- 
vided sufficient means to continue them permanently. Under such 
circumstances their permanent appointment would prove a mani- 
fest act of injustice. The course chosen by the bureau of making 
temporary appointments only was the only proper one that could 
be pursued. This meant the appointment of people who would have 
but a passing interest in their duties. They did not learn their du- 
ties and responsibilities with the thoroughness of permanent ap- 
pointees; the work was more or less perfunctorily performed, and 
permanence characterized the foundation of the work in all respects, 
save that of the requirement by the acts of Congress that the bureau 
perform its definite and certain duties. 

As a consequence much correspondence remained unattended to 
for weeks and even months, and with the close of the fiscal year 
thousands of letters remained unanswered, most of them having been 
received and remaining unanswered for a longer period than one 
week. Under the rule which has prevailed regarding correspondence, 
all matters are to be attended to within 24 hours, or at the most 48 
hours. From this it will be seen that the state of the work was 
nothing short of chaotic. However, the impetus which had been 
given by the bureau to this work throughout the country has carried 
it forward notwithstanding the failure to give the usual prompt 
attention to correspondence. 



WITH THE DIVISION OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING. 



77 



CERTIFICATES OF GRADUATION. 



The certificates of graduation were not perfected and ready for 
issuance until in the early part of February. They were, however, 
requested long in advance by the public-school authorities. They 
expressed the belief that the issuance of a certificate of graduation 
would encourage a larger number of students to attend the public- 
school classes, would maintain their interest throughout the course, 
and would be highly prized by the recipients. It was appreciated 
that such a certificate would work a dispatch in the handling of the 
naturalization cases in the courts. 

There has been an insistent public demand for a certificate of 
graduation which would do away with the formal examinations of 
the candidates for citizenship upon questions which are generally 
characterized as constitutional-law questions. This comment has 
also been frequently coupled with the assertion that in all proba- 
bility very few American citizens could answer the questions which 
have been asked of the candidates for citizenship by the representa- 
tives of the Government in their court examinations. While this 
may be true, and doubtless is true to a degree, it should hardly follow 
that because there is admittedly ignorance of our institutions of 
Government on the part of our native citizens such low standards 
should be perpetuated by admitting to citizenship those born abroad 
who have no greater understanding of our American institutions of 
government. 

The question of the issuance of the certificates of graduation jointly 
with the public schools having been insistently presented by the 
school authorities and those desiring a certificate which would be 
accepted as evidence of satisfactory qualifications on the part of the 
candidate led to the request upon the department for such authority 
in June, 1916. This authority was not at that time granted, but sub- 
sequently to the passage of the act of May 9, 1918, by which act it 
was made the duty of this bureau to promote the instruction of 
candidates for citizenship by the public schools, the subject was again 
presented to the department and the issuance of the certificate was 
directed. 

During the two-year period the demand for the issuance of such a 
certificate was insistently repeated and urged by increasing numbers 
of organizations in addition to the public schools. The issuance of 
such a certificate of graduation has therefore been greeted through- 
out the country with great enthusiasm. 

There were only 3,168 certificates of graduation presented, because 
of the lateness in the year of its preparation and issuance. These 
presentations occurred in largest numbers during the months of Feb- 
ruary and March. They were distributed in the following districts 
in the numbers stated : 

Philadelphia 269 



New York 

Washington 

St. Louis 

San Francisco. 

St. Paul 

Pittshurgh 



140 
53 
80 
545 
168 
619 



Denver _ 
Chicago- 
Boston _ 
Seattle _ 



43 
949 
155 
147 



Total 3,168 



The certificates of graduation prepared and conferred during the 
past year were not limited to those who had taken a specified course, 



78 WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

but to those who had qualified for citizenship. One who is well 
educated and able to speak our language and who desires the 
course offered by the public schools in citizenship instruction may 
receive the certificate of graduation within a shorter time than 
one who is wholly uninformed. 

The certificate of proficiency which was authorized by the depart- 
ment will be for the alien declarant to receive at the termination, 
of the school year, and is one of the aids which are being offered 
to arouse the interest of the alien and to enable the school author- 
ities to broaden out the course of study and the time necessary 
to pursue it. 

During the past year some of the certificates of graduation have 
been presented notwithstanding it was known by the school authori- 
ties that their organization was imperfect and the preparation of 
the student not as complete and satisfactory as his mental condition 
required in order to give him the best equipment. The advantage 
in this will be effected with the acquisition of more experience on 
the part of the teachers and the perfecting of the courses of instruc- 
tion until a standard course in citizenship training has been estab- 
lished throughout the United States. 

TEACHER TRAINING. 

Throughout the country the activities of the Government in the 
promotion of this educational training by the public schools have 
reacted in various ways to the betterment of the teaching pro- 
fession. As a direct consequence of these classes the development 
of teacher training has made big strides. This is particularly true 
with regard to the training of teachers to instruct foreigners in the 
language of our country and in our institutions of government. The 
development of teacher training has been so high in some localities 
that the superintendents are now supplying teachers for these classes 
from the teacher training schools. These young teachers are proving 
a great success in the teaching of English to our new citizens. 
Teachers' institutes have been held in many of the States in largely 
increasing numbers. In some States a series of institutes has been 
held, so intense is the interest now being felt in this national en- 
terprise. 

The increased interest in the work of the Government for the 
training of the coming Americans is reflected in the organization 
of classes to instruct teachers. In some States this has become so 
active that the normal schools are adopting this as a part of their 
teacher-training course. State universities have extended their work 
in this field and with most promising results. 

In the State of Oklahoma all the schools are engaged in tnjs work 
in conjunction with this branch of the Government. From these 
normal classes there will soon be coming a corps of highly trained 
teachers who have specialized on the work of teaching English and 
civics in these classes, working in cooperation with this office. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Raymond F. Ceist, 

Director of Citizenship. 

Hon. Richd. K. Campbell, 

Commissioner of Naturalization. 



ADDENDUM. 

AIDS AND HINDRANCES TO INCREASED ATTENDANCE. 

Superintendents of schools in 166 communities report the follow- 
ing influences favoring and hindrances deterring increase in school 
attendance, in answer to a questionnaire sent to them in April, 1919: 

INFLUENCES FAVORING ATTENDANCE. 

Concerts. — Singing ; orchestra ; graphophone ; entertainments. 

Sociability. — Socials to particular nationalities (Italians, etc.). Social hour 
after class. Weekly evening of social activities. Gatherings to bring their 
friends. Refreshments. Entertain in American homes at Christmas, Easter, 
etc., by teachers. Personal visits. Contests between men and women. Public 
■celebrations and receptions for new citizens under auspices of Americanization 
committees and chambers of commerce, women's, and other organizations. 
Illustrated lectures. Motion pictures. 

Teachers and teaching. — Trained teachers. Better teachers. Man in- 
structors. Work with them and for them. Personal interest in candidate and 
his friends. Personal letter of invitation to each student by instructor on 
special occasions, as when some speaker is to address the class. Preliminary 
examination of individual members of class by superintendent of schools. 
Special assistance in filling out applications for citizenship papers. Closer 
grading. Carefully plan definite work for each session. Work made attractive. 
Easier text for beginners. Greater variety of studies. 

Organization and supervision. — Establish both day and evening classes. Ses- 
sions in spring instead of winter. Full time instead of regular day teachers. 
Factory classes. Central location. Schools in vicinity of homes. Extra schools 
and equipment. Better teaching organization. Teachers' meetings. A special 
director of evening schools and of Americanization in personal contact with 
each student. Personal visits by teachers, letters, or postal cards written when 
a student misses three successive nights ; in such cases use reply potsal cards. 
Teachers paid by industrial plant, school board furnishing building, supplies, 
and janitor service. Ability of teaching force. Kindergarten for children. 
Cooperation of school nurse. Maintain a bureau of information in each school 
to help students in any emergencies. Organize Americanization committees of 
foreign-born leaders. Establish a local bureau to enlist interest of foreign born 
through meetings to be addressed in the language understood by the audience. 
Students' advisory council in running schools. Advertise classes through school 
children. Notices to applicants for citizenship, telling where they can attend 
classes. Students visit absentees. Rivalry between schools for attendance rec- 
ords. Compulsory attendance law. But to bring people to classes. Certificates 
and medals. Prizes for best answer to " How can I become a better citizen of 

city and of the U. S. A.? " Certificates for attendance and of graduation. 

Talks by naturalized citizens to students. Use school auditorium for social 
meetings. 

Teaching material. — Federal Textbook and Manual. Special vocabulary for 
workmen in industry. Use supplementary literature. Nature of material pre- 
sented to class. Variety of studies. Classes in domestic science for women. 
Bookkeeping offered. Typewritten questions on Government, history, etc., for 
reviewing, for answer and discussion in class. Spelling contests. Special class 
in civics. Practical work essential. 

Bureau aids. — The fact that work is under Government supervision. Text- 
book and manual. Certificate of graduation. • Letters of invitation to clashes 

79 



80 ADDENDUM. 



019 635 674 5 



mailed to applicants. Applicants should have statement to present to examine! 
showing time he has attended citizenship classes. Increased attention every- 
where given to Americanization. 

Industrial aids. — Cooperation of managers and foremen of factories. Wel- 
fare departments encourage attendance. Miners' union to encourage attend- 
ance. Canvass of factory employees. Individual talk in factories. Distribute 
registration cards. Give student a card each session for delivery to .his fore- 
man. Weekly attendance kept by factories. Inspection visits to classes by fac- 
tory officials. Giving one or two hours for instruction, for which they receive 
full or part time pay. 

Civic aids. — Cooperation of women's clubs, court clerks, Y. M. C. A., indus- 
tries, commercial organizations, societies, churches, press, police, and other 
city departments. Better schools. Send applicants for citizenship notice when 
they can attend classes. More money for more schools. Naturalization court 
to ask " Do you go to school?" Higher qualifications required by courts. School 
principal address civic organizations and women's clubs to secure cooperation. 
Officials, professional, and business men address classes. 

Publicity. — Posters and bulletins. Posters in several languages. Posters sent 
to schools and factories. Posters in public places, shops, Federal building, post 
office and substations, school buildings, city hall and courthouse. Circular 
letters. Letters and announcements sent frequently pertaining to formation 
of classes. Handbills. Circulars printed in high school. Newspaper adver- 
tising. Newspaper articles. Articles in foreign-language papers. Individual 
letters. Letters sent by school officials. Letters following bureau letters to 
declarants. Send personal letters through day or parochial schools. Cards 
telling of advantages. Personal canvass. Use evening school pupils as solicitors 
to invite others. Some one explain to foreign born in their language of the 
opportunity. Help of pupil in day school. Speaking campaign. Personal talks. 
Teachers call at their homes. School nurse and truant officer invite non-English 
to attend. Talks at public meetings. Cooperation of industries, commercial 
organizations, women's societies, churches, aud press. Slips in foreign language 
in pay envelope. Motion-picture advertising. 

Religious aids.— Cooperation of churches, including visits of clergymen to the 
homes of the foreign born. 

Personal reasons. — Desire for naturalization. Desire for knowledge of Eng- 
lish. Treat naturalized citizens as Americans. Sympathetic attitude toward 
foreign attendants on evening schools. Student button on enrollment. Influence 
by outsiders. 

Miscellaneous. — Friendly rivalry among foreign born for securing attendance. 
Call the class a club to get away from school idea. Have club officers keep at- 
tendance record and make reports. Members go through mock citizenship court. 
Visits to city-council sessions, office of scale of weights and measures. Over- 
come objectors to movement. Two-dollar registration fee refunded if student 
attends 75 per cent of sessions. War conditions offering positions requiring 
English. 

HINDRANCES. 

Influenza. The local industry shut down. Change in shift. Moving from 
city to city. Adult foreigner shy. Women do not understand that schools are 
for their benefit. 

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